be heard．他们低声交谈，生怕别人听见了。The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it should go wrong on the way．司机认真地检查了一遍发动机，免得半路上出毛病。
三十二 let alone ----\更别提\（多用于否定句之后，与 even／much／still less的用法基本相同）：I had never seen him, let alone spoken to him.我从未见过他，更谈不上同他谈话了。The baby can't even walk, let alone run.那婴儿连走路都不会，更谈不上跑了。（注：let alone后面可以跟名词、动词不定式或分词，这取决于它所要强调的部分与前一句中所要对比的那一部分的语法结构，它们必须处于同一语法结构层次。） 三十三 most ----most可以直接修饰可数名词复数，名词前不用冠词修饰，表示泛指，如 most students\大多数学生\；如果要特指某些学生中的大多数，就要用most of结构，并且名词前面一般要用定冠词修饰，如most of the students in my class；注意这样用时，most前面没有冠词，不说 the most of the students。另外，most不能直接与代词或由物主代词修饰的名词连用，不能说most they／most their students或 their most students；而必须用，most of结构，像 most of them，most of her arguments。
三十四 some/any ----与 most的用法类似，可以说 some advice／students；some of the students；some of them；some of his arguments；但不说 some they，some his arguments或some the students。any也适用于这种情况。
三十五 all／each ----与 most／some／any的用法有些区别：all可以直接修饰带或不带定冠词的可数或不可数名词以及由物主代词修饰的名词，如 all（the） work； all（the）students； all my heart；但不能直接放在代词前面，如不能说 all they，all it；但可以用 all of结构限定代词，如 all ofthem; all虽不能放在代词前面修饰代词，但可以放在代词后面作代词的同位语，如We all did it; He helped us all;（但谓语是 be动词时，all要放在 be后面，如 We are all pleased。）each可以直接修饰不带冠词的可数名词单数，如 each student；但不能直接修饰代词、由物主代词或定冠词修饰的可数名词单数，如不能说 each they，each his book，each the student；而必须用 each of结构，如 each of them，each of his books，each of the students；但 each可以放在复数名词或代词后面，如 The students/They each took a share。
三十六 much ----much多用于否定句或疑问句中，如 There is not much food in the house。Do you have much difficulty in finding the house？在肯定句中多用plenty of，a lot of，a large quantity of，a good deal of；但当 much作主语的一部分或与how／too／so／as连用时常用在肯定句中，如 Much of what you say is true；You have given me too much。注意下面几个与much相搭配的习惯说法。
1.not much of a? 一 not a very good?\不是一个很好的??\：It wasn't much of a dinner．
2．\?（to do sth）\一\太??（而不??）'：He is _____ coward to speak the truth．a．too much of a b．too much a c．o much a d．so much of a（答案 a．考研'89．译文：他是个十足的胆小鬼，不敢讲真话。）
3．\十从句\一 although\虽然，尽管\；Much as hate to do it，I must stay home and study tonight．尽管我不喜欢，但是今天晚上我必须呆在家里学习。
4．\一\同样（程度）地\：The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as ______ its soils and the water of its lakes，rivers and oceans．a．are b．is c．do d． has（答案a．CET．6'90／1．译文：正如土壤和湖、河和海洋里的水是地球的一部分一样，大气层同样也是地球的一部分。）Give me as much again．再给我那么多。
5．not so much as／without so much as一\连??都没有'：He didn't so much as thank me for returning his money found．我把捡到的钱还给他，他连说声谢谢都没有。He left without so much as saying goodbye.他连说声再见都没有就走开了。
6．\一\与其说 A，不如说B\：Oceans don't so much divide the world as unite it．与其说各大洋把地球分割开来，还不如说是把地球联成一个整体。
7．\一（用在否定句后）\更不用说\：I didn't even speak to him, much less discuss your problems with him.我连话都不跟他说，再不用说跟他一起讨论你的问题了。
三十七 must have done sth ----用于以肯定的语气推断过去必定发生了某事（常考句型）：My pain____
apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:\right?\．must be b．had been c．must have been d．had to be（答案 c．考研'96．译文：我的疼痛一定很明显，因为我遇到的第一个人就同情地问我：\你不要紧吧？\）
三十八 no more than ----1.用于\钱数/名词\，\仅仅，只，只不过\，表示说话者认为太少，不满意：He gave me no more than＄10．他只给我 10美元。He is no more than a puppet．他只不过是个傀儡。 2.\?than\；。\像B一样不??；A和B一样都不?\：He is no more a god than we are．（或）He is not a god any more than we are．他和我们一样都不是神。（注：这种表现法是为加强than前面的否定而用的，than后面的文句表面上看是肯定句，起含义实属否定。一般说来，than后面的文句所陈述的事实是显而易见的或是常识，以此来衬托说明前面亦染。）再如：He can not effect the impossible any more than we can．不可能的事情我们做不到，他和我们一样也做不到。The heart is intelligent than the stomach，for they are both controlled by the brain．a．not so b．not much c．much more d．no more（答案 d．考研'94．译文：心脏和胃一样都没有智力，它们都是由大脑控制的。）与 no more? than意思相反的结构是 no less?than\不亚于，与??同样好\：Sunlight is ______ necessary than fresh air to a healthy condition of body．a．less b．no less much d．no more（答案 b．译文：阳光与新鲜空气一样对维持身体健康同样必要。） 三十九 no other than／none other than ----用于强调，表示惊奇，\不是别人而正是??\：The stranger was none other than my old friend John.那位陌生人不是别人，正是我的老朋友约翰。（注：none other than用在以人作主语的句子中，no other than主要用在It is?的强调句中，但none other than也可用在强调句中。）如：It is no other than/none other than old Mr．Smith．那正是史密斯老先生。
四十 not that?，but that? ----\并非因为?，而是因为?\：Not that John doesn't want to help you, but that it's beyond his power.并非约翰不愿意帮助你，而是因为他无能为力。
四十一 not just?，but rather ----\不仅仅?而主要是?\：Everyone works several hours each day． The aim is not just to keep busy but rather to find meaning and enjoyment in work．人人每天都工作几小时，其目的不仅仅是为了不闲着，而是为了在工作中找到生活的意义和快乐。
四十二 now that? ----\既然，由于\： ____ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. a．For now b．Now that c．Ever since d．By now（答案 b．CET－4'90／1．译文：既然我们已完成功课，我们就开始再做些复习吧。）＿ we have all the materials ready，we should begin the new task at once．a．Since that b．Since now c．By now d．Now that（答案 d．考研 89．译文：既然我们已备齐了材料，我们就立刻开始新的任务吧。）（注：nowthat引导的从句所陈述的必须是现在的事实或已经发生的事实；若尚未发生，需改用 since／as引导，如不能说 Now that he won't come，let's have our meeting now，而必须将这句话中的 now that改为 since／as才可以。now that的考试频度也很大。）
四十三 on／upon ----1．\十动名词（或表示动作意义的名词）\，该结构表示此动作一发生，句子谓语的动作就接着发生，可译为\??（就??）\：_____ my return, I learned that Prof. Smith had been at the museum and would not be back for several hours．a．At b．On c．With d．During（答案b．考研'91．译文：我一回来，就听说史密斯教授去博物馆了，几个小时以后才回来。）2．\（表示动作意义的）名词\，这一结构所表达的意思相当于与该名词同源的动词的现在分词，表示\正在??\（注意名词前要用定冠词，一般来说与这种名词同源的动词是不及物动词）：The production is on the decline（一 declining）．生产在下降。常见的与 on搭配的名词有： on the increase; on the decrease; on the run; on the rise; on the boil; on the move; on the watch等。
四十四 only ----1．\十形容词（或过去分词）\（＝very），表所\非常\：I shall be only too pleased to come．能来我非常高兴。The news was only too true.这消息太好了（不可能是真的）。与only too搭配的形容词常见的有：pleased/ready／willing／glad／happy等。
2．\引导虚拟条件句，表示\但愿，要是??就好了\：If only he would stop talking!他要是停止说话就好了！If only I had followed your advice!我要是听你的话就好了！
3.\（=but that）\只是，要不是\：I would do it with pleasure, only (that) I am too busy.
4.\用在谓语动词后，表示后来发生了事先没有料到的事情（这一用法也常考）：After twenty years abroad, William came back only to find his hometown severely damaged in an earthquake. We rushed to the airport only to find the plane flying away.
5.\only?but also\不仅?而且\only放在句首时需要用倒装句；另外要注意not only?but also引导的成分要对等)：Not only did he speak more correctly, but (also) he spoke more easily.
四十五 rather ---- 1.\?than\或\?would\表示\宁愿?而不愿\：She would rather have the small one than the large one. He would rather be liked than (be) feared. Rather than refuse to help you, I'd borrow money from my bank. We ourselves would rather have left on the 8th, but we didn't leave till the 12th. I'd rather you ______ those important documents with you. A. not take b. don't take c. won't take d. didn't take (答案d. CET-6'93/6.)(注：如果would rather只涉及主语的选择或爱好时，后面可直接跟动词原形或不定式完成式；than前后连接的两个成分要对等，可以是不定式或名词；would rather后面动词的施动者若不是句子主语本身而是另一个人时，后面需用从句，从句谓语用虚拟语气，即用一般过去时表示与现在的事实相反或很难实现的愿望；用过去完成时表示与已经发生的事实相反的愿望。在托福考试中，从句谓语还可以用动词原形，用动词原形仅仅表示一种愿望，如：We would rather that he take this train．我们倒希望他乘这趟火车走。) 2．\than\或\?than\是??而不是??；应??而不应??;宁愿??而不愿??：He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest transaction．He ran rather walked．This is rather for father to decide than for you．We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style． a．rather than b．other than c．better than d．less than（答案 a．考研'95．）Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people _____ harm them. A. more than b. other than c. rather than d. better than（答案c. CET－4'93／6．译文：发展核科学应造福于人民而不是有害于人民。）
3．\更确切些说\（用于更正前面说的话）：He arrived very late last night，or rather in the early hours this morning.他昨天很晚．更确切些说是今天凌晨才到达。
四十六 same（adj．）----\同样的，相同的\?that／as\和??一样\（注：that和 as都可以引导定语从句，有时可以换用；但如果从句省略了谓语动词时则只能用as而不能用that。如果定语从句修饰的是人、时间和地点时，连词 that还可以用 who／when/where(代替)：He uses the same books that/as you do/as you.他用的书和你用的一样。Put the book back in the same place where you found it．你在哪里发现的这本书，还把它放回原地。The price is the same as before the war.物价与战前一样。（这里的as不能换用that）
四十七 say（vt.）---- l．\／sth is said to have done sth\＝It's said that sb/sth has done sth or did sth.\据说某人／某物做了某事\（注：\十不定式完成式\表示这个动作在谓语动词的动作发生之前已经完成，不定式完成也可以用被动态。这是常考句型。）：The building is said _____ (destroy) in a fire two years ago.（考研'81．答案：由时间状语 two years ago可以判定destroy的动作发生在谓语动作之前，又由于大楼是被烧毁的，所以应用不定式完成式被动态，因此应把destroy变为 to have been destroyed）
2．\（用在肯定句后）\更不用说，还不说\：The effort required is immense，to say nothing of the cost．要求付出的努力是巨大的，更不用说花费了。
四十八 so ---1．\十形容词／副词十as\：It was not so easy as all that.并不那么容易。It did not take so long as he had feared.并不像他害怕的那样费那么长时间。He was not so much angry as disappointed．他很生气，但更失望。
2．so十形容词十可数名词单数：I've never seen so beautiful child．我从未见过这样英俊的孩子。（注：该句型相当于 such a十形十名词，但比后者更文气些。）
3．\十形容词+as＋to-V\：Would you be so kind as to help me？劳驾帮帮忙好吗？We'11 be much obliged if you will be so kind suggestions for improvement of our work. a．to make b．as making c．making d．as to make（答案 d．译文：如果你能提出改进我们工作的建议，我们将非常感激。）He is not so stupid as to do that．他不会傻到竟然去做那种事情。
4. \连??都没有\：He didn't so much as ask me to sit down．他竟然连请我坐下都没有。
5．so as to --- 以便：I will have everything ready so as not to keep you waiting.我很快就将一切准备好了，以便不让你久等。so用在肯定的陈述句之后引导倒装省略句，表示\也同样：John had been working hard and so had his brother．约翰一直很用功，他弟弟也是这样。
四十九 something of a? ---\可说是个；某种程度上的\（语气上多少带点贬义）：He's something of a liar，don't you think？他不太老实，你说不是吗？I'm something of a carpenter．我能做些木工活。
五十 soon ----1. no sooner?than --- 一??就；刚?便（注：no sooner放在句首时需要用倒装语句，这是常考句型）：No sooner had we reached the top of the hill ___＿ we all sat down to rest．a．when b．then c．than d．until(答案c．CET4'91/6．译文：我们一到达山顶就坐下来休息了。)
2.\?(as)\宁愿\： I would (just) as soon stay at home (as go for a walk).我倒宁愿呆在家里。I'd just as soon ______ rudely to her a. that you won't speak b. your not speaking c. you not speak d. you didn't speak（答案d．考研'81．译文：我倒希望你不要对她说话不礼貌。）（注：would just as soon后面的从句谓语需用虚拟语气一般过去时。）
3.\sooner?than\--- \宁愿?而不愿\：He would sooner resign than take part in such dishonest business deals.他宁肯辞职而不愿参与这类不诚实的交易。
五十一 such --- \这样的，这种的；那么的，如此程度的\：such people as these; people such as these像这样的一类人；such poets as Keats and Shelley; poets such as Keats and Shelley像基茨和雪莱那样的诗人（注：such as用于举例时后面不能再用 etc．／and so on之类的词语，如不能说such as Keats and Shelley，etc．）\＋inf．／such（?）that\这样的??以致／以便\：Your stupidity is such as to fill me with despair．你是这样的愚钝，使我很失望。His illness is not such as to cause anxiety．他的病还没有严重到引起忧虑的程度。He never hesitates to make such criticisms as are considered helpful to others．他从不犹豫提出对别人有益的批评。It wasn't such a good dinner _____ she had promised us. a. that b. which c. as d. what（答案。CET4'90／1．译文：那并不是她曾答应我们的那样一顿美餐。）（注：在上面两句中 as是关系代词。）His behavior was such／Such was his behavior that everyone disliked him．他的行为如此糟糕，大家都不喜欢他。\／as they are\尽管不怎么样（质量不高或价值不大）\：You can use my bicycle，such as it is．你可以用我的自行车，虽然不太好。Jane told her grandmother her grades, such as they were.简把她的成绩告诉了她奶奶，虽然成绩不怎么好。\（指前面刚刚提到的）\作为这样一个人／物\，such作代词：He is a child，and must be treated as such．他是个孩子，必须作为孩子对待他。He is the master and as such must be obeyed．他是主人，因此必须服从他。
五十二 than ----后面可以跟一个省略主语而只保留系词和表语的省略句，这种句式常考：We often advise him not to drink more wine _____ is good for his health． a．as b．but c．that d．than（答案d．CET6'93／6．译文：我们常常劝告他喝酒不要超过有益于身体健康的程度。（than后面省略了 it）（注：1995年6月的六级题中也有一道类似的题。）The protect requires more labour than because it is extremely difficult． a．has been put in b. have been put in c. being put in d. to be put in（答案a.考研'92．译文：此项工程要求投入的比已经投入的更多的劳动，因为工程极其困难。）（这里than后面省略了what）There were more casualties than was reported（＝than it was reported there were）．实际伤亡人数要比报道的多。There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than in the public mind today． a．exists b．exist c．existing d．existed（答案a．考研'95．译文：对于当今存在于公众头脑中的可能会得癌症的忧虑应当减少。）（这里than后面可看作是省略了what。）
五十三 that ---1．作为代词，为避免重复，代替前面提到过的特指不可数名词：By 1990，production in the area is expected to double _____ of 1980. a．that b．it c．one d．what（答案a．CET－6'90／1．译文：到1990年该地区的产量可望比1980年翻一番。（这里that代替前面的名词 the production。））The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half ______. a．of last year's b．those of last year's c．of those of last year
d. that of last year's（答案d．考研'96．译文：已登记参加今年马拉松赛的人数比去年少了一半.）（这里 that代替 the number。）
2．作关系代词引导定语从句：在由形容词最高级／the only／the same／any／every／no等修饰的名词后面的定语从句和在any thing/nothing／every everything／much／all等后面的定语从句，多用关系代词that而不用 which或 who：Newton was one of the greatest men that ever lived．牛顿是有史以来最伟大的人物之一。He is the only man that can do it．他是惟一能做此事的人。She wore the same dress that she did at Mary's wedding.她穿着在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一件衣服。Any boy that wants to play can do so．任何想玩（游戏）的孩子都可以玩。I never have taken anything that didn't belong to me．我从未拿过任何不属于我的东西。He had nothing left that he could pawn．他再也没有什么可以典当的东西了。He had read without discrimination everything that he happened to come across.他不加选择地读了他所能得到的一切书。Much that have read has been nonsense．我读过的不少东西都是无聊的废话。Once they had fain， fortune，secure futures； _____ is utter poverty. A. now that all is left b．now all which is left c. now all that is left d. now all what is left(答案c. CET6 '91/6.译文：他们曾有过名气、富贵、可靠的未来，而现在所剩下的一切就只有赤贫了。)All is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life． a．what is needed b．for our needs c．the thing needed d．hat is needed（答案 d．CET4'90／1．译文：现在所需要的就是不断提供最基本的生活必须品。）
3．作连词引导主语从句（注：that引导的主语从句一般后置，用形式主语it代替，但特别要注意放在句首的主语从句的用法）： ____ is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages. a．That the sun and not the earth b．Being the sun and not the earth c．It is the sun and not the earth d．The sun and not the earth（答案a．CET6'93／6．译文：是太阳而不是地球是我们星系的中心这一概念在中世纪是难以理解的。）
4．作连词引导目的、结果、程度状语从句：They have died that liberty might live．他们牺牲了为的是自由可以生存。（作目的状语，此处实际上是省略了 so）What was the matter with the fellow that he looked o happy？那人怎么了，他显得这么高兴？（结果状语）He was so embarrassed that he could not speak to her．他是那么地窘迫，他对她说不出话来。（程度状语）
5．作副词修饰形容词或别的副词，表示\那么，那样，这么\，有时前面再用all加以强调，如 （all）that far，that good，that clever，that careless，that much，that high，that angry，that ill，that well等等（这一用法也常考）：I won't pay $20 for the coat； It's not worth _______. a．all that much b．that much all．that all much d．much all that（答案 a．考研'88．译文：我不会花 20美元去买那件大衣，它决不值那么多钱。）After having gone _____ far，George did not want to turn back． a．enough b．much c．such d．that（答案 d．考研'92．译文：乔治已经走了那么远了，不愿意再折回了。）
6．用于连词短语\中，表示\因为\和复合连词\中，请参见上面相应的词条。 五十四 under十名词 ----（注：这个名词须是表示动作意义的名词，前面不用冠词，这个结构相当于与该名词同源的及物动词的进行式被动态，under repair－being repaired ； under discussion＝being discussed；under criticism＝being criticized等等，The survival of civilization as we know it is _____ threat. a．within b．towards c．under d．upon（答案 c．CET4'95／6．译文：我们所熟知的文明的生存正在受到威胁。）其它这类短语还有：under construction\在建设中\；under fire\遭到炮火射击\；（或）\受到批评\；under examination\受到审查\；under control\受到控制\；under suspicion\受到怀疑\；under detention\在拘留中\；under consideration\在考虑中\在研究中\；under review\在审查中\；under investigation\在调查中'等等。
五十五 used to (do)与be used to (sth)的区别：used to（do）----这里的 used只用过去时，表示\过去常常??（但现在已不这样了）\；否定式是used not（或缩合式use(d)n't,也可以用didn't use(d)；疑问句可用Used (sb) to do或Did (sb) use to do?？：I used to write poetry myself when I was his age.我在他那个年龄时常爱写诗。They used to play golf，didn't／use（d）n't they？他们过去常爱打高尔夫球，是不是？She didn't use(d) to do it, did/used she？她过去不常做这个，对吧？Used you to know him/Did you use to know him?你过去对他熟悉