倒装
1、全部倒装。
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1）here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman. Here is your letter.
（2） 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman.
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes. Away they went. 2、 部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1） 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no
way, not until… 等。
Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than Eg.
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。 I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep. 典型例题：
（1）Why can?t I smoke here? At no time___ in the meeting-room. A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。
注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。 Not only you but also I am fond of music
2) so, neither, nor作部分倒装。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack. If you won't go, neither will I.
注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为 “的确如此”。
---Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. ---It?s raining hard. --So it is.
3) only+状语在句首要倒装的情况。
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装 。例如： Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 4) as, though 引导的倒装句。
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。 注意：
（1）句首名词不能带任何冠词。
（2）句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. （5）so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 6）在某些表示祝愿的句型中：例如： May you all be happy.
（7）在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。 例如：
Were I you, I would try it again.
8) 当句首为表示地点的介词词组时 In this chapter will be found a partial answer.
虚拟语气
一）虚拟语气
应该注意以下几种虚拟语气的形式： 1．由 “ if ”引导的虚拟句子
（1）与现在的事实相反：(If ... + were/did...,...+ would do...) If I were you, I would marry him. 如果我是你，就会嫁给他。
（2）与过去的事实相反：(If ... + had done..., ... +would have done...)
If you had worked hard, you would have passed the exam. 如果你用功学习，就会通过考试了。
（3）与将来的事实可能相反：(If ...+ should do/were to..,...+ would do...) If it should rain tomorrow, what would you do? 如果明天下雨，你怎么办?
注意：1. 有时主句和从句所指的时间是不一致的，这时需要对有关的动词形式作调整。
If I had eaten breakfast, I would not be hungry now. 从句指的是过去， 主句说的是现在
If he were a good student he would have studied for test. 从句指通常情况，主句指的是过去/ 2. 在正式文体中，
条件从句含有were, had should 有时可以把if 省略掉， 这是要把这些词放到主语之前/
Were it not for his wife’s money, he would never be a director. Had I known about it, I would have told you. Should you change your mind, let us know.
2.用在表示要求、建议、命令等的名词从句中 从句谓语形式为：“...(should ) + do sth.”（在美语中should常省去）。
类似用法的动词有： insist（坚持），suggest（建议），order（命令），propose（建议），demand（要求），command （命令），advise（建议），desire（要求、请求），request（请求），require（需要、要求），ask（要求），prefer（宁愿），recommend（推荐），arrange（安排），advocate（拥护、提倡），maintain（坚决主张）等后面的宾语从句中。
3. ．用在“It + be + important (necessary, natural, essential, strange, absurd, amazing, annoying, desirable, surprising, vital, advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, imperative, eager, fitting, possible, impossible, improper, obligatory, probable, preferable, strange, urgent等，以及insisted, suggested, ordered, requested, arranged, recommended等) + that ...”结构中的that 引导的主语从句中。
从句谓语形式为：“...(should ) + do sth.”（在美语中should常省去）。
4. 用在It is time that ... 结构中，表示“该干某事了”，含建议的意思，用动词过去式。 It is time (that) we went to bed. 咱们该睡觉了。
注意: time 前可加about（表示“大约”）或high（表示“强调”）等。 5. wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气
从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示一种与现在事实相反的愿望：用过去完成时或过去完成进行时表示与过去事实相反的愿望：若用would则表示请求或对现状不满希望将来有所改变等
If only的用法和I wish等基本相同，只是更富有感情色彩。 if only 常引导感叹句， 表示强烈的愿望或遗憾，
通常后面跟过去时或过去完成时。 If only you would listen to reason!
If only you hadn’t told Jack what I had said.
If only I had more money, I could buy the new clothes. 6. as if／as though方式状语从句中的虚拟语气
从句用一般过去时表示和现在事实相反或对现在的情况有所怀疑；用过去完成时表示过去想象中的动作或情况。但是，若在seem／look／sound／smell等动词之后，谓语动词用来表示事实上可能存在的事实时，也可以用陈述语气。 She looks almost as if she were mad. You look as if you’d seen a ghost.
He acted as though he had never met her before. 7. would rather 后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
would rather／would sooner和would just as soon等表示“宁愿”。其后的that引导的宾语从句
用一般过去时表示对现在或将来的一种愿望。然而，若谈论的是过去的行为或情况，宾语从句则用过去完成形式。
注意：wish，would sooner 用法一样
Eg. Don’t come tomorrow. I’d rather you came next weekend. I would rather you hadn’t done that. I’d sooner you didn’t ask me to speak.
注意在Would rather …… than 表示宁愿，词组通常不用虚拟 I would rather go to a movie than study grammar. I would sooner stay at home tonight. 8. 1est方式状语从句中的虚拟语气
从句用should+原形或直接用原形，不受主句动词时态的任何影响。 9. 情态动词的虚拟
should have done / ought to have done 表示应该做而没有做的事情。 Eg. I hurt my back. I should not have carried that heavy box. We ought to have got here earlier: the train’s packed.
主谓一致
1. 由and连接的两个以上名词，如果前面有each／every／no时，谓语动词通常采用第三人称单数形式。
Every hour and every minute(每一小时，每一分钟) is important.
注意：“each of + 复形名词”结构要求单数动词，但“复形名词+ each”结构要求复数动词。 Each of the jobs(每一份工作) was planned by Billy. we each(我们每个人) have a copy of this dictionary.
2. 当or／either…or／neither…nor或not only…but also…，there be…., neither….nor., more than one….连接一个单数主语和一个复数主语时，谓语动词取决于最接近它的名词或代词的数。
He or I (他或是我) am in the wrong. Neither Tom nor his sisters are to blame. More than one question was asked.
There is a desk and some chairs in the room
3. 主语后有介词短语或其他修饰语时，动词的数不受影响。with / together with / along with / including / except / besides / as well as / added to…+名词”结结构 His father as well as his brothers has left for London.
My brother rather than my parents is going to attend a party this weekend.
4. 个别由and 连接的两个名词代表的是一个单一的概念，用单数动词, knife and fork (刀叉) Fish and chips is a popular supper for London people (炸鱼土豆片).
?当“名词+and+名词”结构表示一种事物或一种概念时，应用单数动词
Fish and chips(炸鱼土豆片) is a popular supper. The poet and writer(诗人兼作家) has come. 注意：有时并列主语用单数或复数动词都可 Time and tide(岁月) wait / waits for no man.
2. “each / every / no+单形名词+ each / every / no+单形名词”结构要求单数动词 Every hour and every minute(每一小时，每一分钟) is important.
3. “名词/代词+or+名词/代词”结构应根据or后的名词/代词确定单/复数动词 He or I (他或是我) am in the wrong.
He or his brothers(他或他的兄弟们) were to blame.
4. “either+名词+or+名词”结构应根据or后的名词/代词确定单/复数动词
Either the shirts or the sweater(这些衬衣，要不就是这件毛衣) is a good buy. 5. 几个特殊的短语：
1）. “More than one + 单形名词”结构虽有复念，但习惯上多用单数谓语 More than one question was asked.
2）. “more +复形名词+than one”多要求复数动词
More members than one have protested against the proposal. 3.） “a+单形名词+or two”结构多要求单数动词
A servant or two or three was to accompany them. 4）. “one or two +复形名词”结构要求复数动词
One or two reasons were suggested.
5）“one of + 复形名词”结构后的定语从句要求谓语动词应用复数；但当“one of”前有限定词如the、the only、the very等修饰时，结构后的定语从句要求谓语动词应用与one一致，用单数谓语。
This is one of the best books that have appeared.
She is the one of those women who doesn?t know a thing about furniture. 6) “a number of /numbers of + 复形名词”结构应用复数动词；而“the number of +复形名词”结构应用单数动词。
A large number of people(许多人) have come to see the exhibition. The number of the chairs(椅子的数量) in the room is ten. 5. “many a +单形名词”结构要求单数动词
Many a fine man has died in the battle.
4. 集合名词做主语，谓语的数采取意义一致的原则。 1）.单形集体名词被视为一个整体时，用作单数名词 Our family has a reunion every year.
2.） 单形集体名词被视为若干个体时，则要求复数动词 His family are waiting for him.
3）. 有些单形集体名词，即所谓的“群体名词”，如police，cattle等，要求复数动词 The police have caught the murderer.
6. 单数形式的名词与谓语动词的一致之 “两个形容词+一个单形名词”在“两个形容词+一个单形名词”结构中，单数名词如有复念（即代表两个事物），则用复数动词 The red and the white rose are both beautiful.
English and French grammar are not very difficult to learn.
注意：The writer and actor ____ invited to give us a report yesterday. A. are B. have been C. was D. were
7. 表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、小数等的名词词组作主语时，其谓语动词常用单数。以s结尾的表示疾病或游戏的名词和以ics结尾表示“学科领域”的名词，谓语动词用单数。 Ten years is a moment in history. Ten thousand dollars is a large sum.
Politics(政治) is often a topic for discussion.
Statistics (统计学) is a principal course at the business school.