aggrieved party to reduce his or her losses. The duty is to take all reasonable steps to minimise one′s loss. If, in taking objectively reasonable steps to mitigate, the aggrieved party incurs greater loss than if no steps been taken at all, such increased losses will still be recoverable from the party-in-breach.
第三，当事人本来可以采取合理措施避免却没有这样做而导致的损失不被赔付。这是为了鼓励受损方采取减损（mitigation）措施减少他的损失。“减损责任”并不是说要求受损方采取所有措施减少损失。如果受损方采取客观上合理的措施减损但却因此而招致了更大的损失，增加的损失仍可从违约方处追索。
Action for a Fixed Sum固定数目款项之诉
8.13.16 Damages, whether liquidated or unliquidated, are not the only remedy at common law. Where the contractual breach relates solely to an obligation to pay a fixed sum of money, damages are not available as a remedy. Instead of damages, the court will order that the fixed sum, due and owing, be paid.
无论是约定的还是未约定的损害赔偿都不是普通法上的唯一可得的救济。当规定的违约赔偿只是一笔固定数目的款项，损害赔偿则不得为救济。取代损害赔偿的是法庭会判令义务方支付该笔固定的数目。
8.13.17 In such cases, generally, there will be no damages for the delay in payment, apart from any court ordered interest on the judgment sum, or any contractual interest (if the contract expressly provides for the payment of interest on any delayed payment of the sum owed).
这种情况下，延迟付款没有损害赔偿，只有法庭判决款项数目的利益，或者合同规定的利率（如合同明确规定对延迟付款应支付的利息）。
Specific Performance实际履行
8.13.18 Sometimes, damages will not be an adequate remedy for a breach of contract. This may be the case where the breach involves delivery of property which is unique (such as a piece of land). In such instances, the aggrieved party may make an application for the court to make an order of specific performance - ie an order to the party-in-breach (or threatening to be in breach) to perform in accordance with the terms of his or her contractual promise.
有些时候，损害赔偿不足以成为违约的充足救济。比如违约牵涉的是交付特定财产的义务（例如某处土地），这种情形下，受损方可以申请法庭裁令实际履行–比如裁令违约方（或威胁违约方）按照其合同许诺履行实际义务。
8.13.19 Specific performance is, however, not available as against the Singapore Government in any civil proceedings to which the state is a party - see s 27(1)(a) of the Government Proceedings Act (Cap 121, 1985 Rev Ed).
在国家是一方当事人的任何诉讼中，实际履行不得被用于新加坡政府。见《政府程序法》（Cap 121，1985修订）。
Limits on Availability of Specific Performance对实际履行的限制
8.13.20 Specific performance is a discretionary remedy. It may be withheld if, in all the circumstances of the case, it would be inequitable to make such an order. As has been mentioned above, substantial delay in applying for such relief may be enough to cause the court to withhold such relief. Relief may also be withheld if the applicant does not come to court with `clean hands′. The order for specific performance may also be made on terms, so as to balance the
interests of the parties to the dispute.
实际履行是法院自由裁量的救济。如果根据案件的全部实际情形，采取此种措施不公平，法庭就不会裁令实际履行。如上所述，如过于迟延申请此种救济，且如果当事人自己也并非没有责任，法庭就会拒绝判令此种措施。见判例Chuah Eng Khong v Malayan Banking Bhd [1997] 3 MLJ 173 at 186-7。法庭的实际履行裁令有时候也会有条件授予，以保持争议各方权利义务的平衡。见Ng Lay Choo Marion v Lok Lai Oi [1995] 3 SLR 221。
8.13.21 Specific performance might also be refused in a number of other instances, most notably where: (a) the proposed order would require constant supervision by the court; (b) the court is not able to specify the terms of the order which is to be complied with; (c) the proposed order would require the performance of something which is impossible to achieve; and (d) the order relates to a contract of personal service because such an order could amount to judicial compulsion of involuntary servitude.
其他情形下实际履行也可能被拒绝，如：（a）如果履行令需要法庭持续的监督；（b）法庭不能够明确履行令的条款；（c）履行令要求履行一些不可能实现的事情：以及（d）合同涉及到人身服务性质的义务，因为这样做如同司法强制劳役。
Injunction禁止令
8.13.22 Not all contractual obligations are susceptible to orders of specific performance. Sometimes, the contractual obligation in question is a negative one, where the party-in-breach fails to honour his or her promise not to do something. In such circumstances, an application for a prohibitory injunction may be made by the aggrieved party.
并非所有的合同义务都适于实际履行。有时候，合同义务是个消极义务，而违约方违反了不作为的义务。此种情形下，受损方可以向法庭申请禁止令。
8.13.23 In the absence of factors such as those mentioned above in Paragraph 8.13.20, prohibitory injunctions are likely to be granted unless: (a) the remedy would be inequitable or oppressive; or (b) the balance of convenience does not favour making such an order.
如上文8.13.21提到的各项因素不存在，即可发布禁止令，除非：（a）此项救济不公平或过于暴虐–见Jaggard v Sawyer [1995] 1 WLR 269；或者（b）发布此救济确实不符合方便易行的要求 – 见Rajaram v Ganesh t/a Golden Harvest Trading Corp [1995] 1 SLR 159。
8.13.24 If the breach of the negative obligation lies wholly in the past, the aggrieved party may seek a mandatory injunction instead. Such an order requires the party-in-breach to reverse the effects of the breach so as to restore the aggrieved party to the position he or she would have been, had the negative obligation not been breached.
如果违反消极义务系完全在过去发生，受损方可以选择申请强制禁止令（mandatory injunction）。此种命令要求违约方采取措施推翻违约行为的后果，使受损方还原到如消极义务未被违反他本应该处于的地位。
8.13.25 The discretion whether to issue a mandatory injunction is also generally subject to the `balance of convenience′ test.
是否授予强制禁止令也要遵行“方便易行”(balance of convenience) 的原则。
8.13.26 In general, injunctions will also be refused in relation to contracts of personal service - where the practical effect of the proposed injunction would be to compel the performance of a contract for personal service for which no order of specific performance would have been made in the first place.
总的来说，对涉及到人身服务性质的合同，禁止令申请也会被拒绝，如果此类禁令会强迫履行人身服务合同，而即便任何实际履行命令也不会有此效果。