do like this in Chinese, even between brothers and sisters. For example: “大哥” “二哥” “二姐”.
When addressing strangers, the Chinese people resort to “同志” “师傅” “先生” “小姐” “老爷爷” “伯父” “阿姨” “伯母” “大哥” “大嫂” “大兄弟” “大姐” “小朋友”。
中国人称呼别人时，有时称此人当时所担任的职务，前面加上他的姓，如黄局长，林经理，但是很少听到英语的人称别人为Bureau DirectorSmith(史密斯局长)，Manager Jackson(杰克逊经理)，Principal Morris(莫里斯校长)，只有少数的人可称，如
Doctor-,Judge-,Governor-,Mayor-,professor,汉语中用姓加职务，如陈司令，英语中用姓加军衔，如Captain Johnson（约翰逊上尉）,不说Company Commander Johnson,可以说Admiral Benjamin（本杰明海军上尉）,却不说Fleet Commander Benjamin. 4, Compliments and praise祝贺和赞扬
English: the response to compliments are almost use “thank you” “I am glad to hear that” “I am glad you like it .”
Chinese: but in Chinese. Modest is a virtue. So although they glad to hear the compliments. But they tend to refuse the compliments. 5, Thanks and replies
In both English and Chinese there are expressions of gratitude.
E: thank you, Many thanks, thank you very much, thank you all the same, I’m really appreciative of your time, it’s very kind of you to offer help, I’m grateful for what you have done for me, I can’t thank you enough etc. English people speaks more frequently than Chinese. Even used among the family members. The reply is often used “Not at all” “don’t mention it” “you’re welcome” “it’s my pleasure” “it’s ok” C: “谢谢” “谢谢你” “非常感谢” “万分感谢” “真不知道该怎么感谢你才好” “多谢了”“谢谢你的好意。” 而中国常用的是“没什么” “不用谢” “不客气” “没什么，这是我应该做的” “这是我的职责。”
第四部分 成语、谚语、格言和典故
1, idioms成语：(语言P178)
Get the hang of熟悉；得知 hold one’s sides with laughter捧腹大笑 put someone in a stew使某人烦恼 Put up with something忍受某事 part of the game事情就是这样 give in屈服，让步
make out理解，了解 turn out结果获得成功 布衣蔬食：coarse clothes and simple fare 害人虫：an evil person/an evil creature
自投罗网：throw oneself into the trap/walk right into the trap 奇花异木：rare flowers and trees/exotic flowers and rare trees 2,proverbs谚语
Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。 Many hands make light work.人多好办事。 Haste makes waste.欲速则不达。
Out of sight,out of mind.眼不见，心不烦。
Birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分。 Look before you leap.三思而后行。
Where there’s smoke there’sfire.无风不起浪。 Where there’s a will there’s a way.有志者事竟成。
Give a person a dose of his own medicine.以其人之道还治其人之身。 All good things must come to an end.天下没有不散的筵席。
3,Compared with English proverbs,the Chinese show certain distinctive features: (1)the immense number;
(2)the distinctive Chinese quality of many of the sayings;
(3)the number that reflect social inequalities and the feelings of those deprived and oppressed;
(4)the influence of Buddhism on Chinese customs and thinking;
(5)another feature is what might be called social harmony,or brotherhood,or “doing good”
4,良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行：Frank advice is like good herbal medicine;hard to take,but ultimately beneficial.
瓜田不纳履，李下不整冠：Neither adjust your shoe in a melonpatch;nor your hat under a plum tree.
要知朝中事，乡间问老农：Ask the common folk if your want to know how the country is faring.
衙门自古朝南开，有理无钱莫进来：Court doors may open,but not to the poor. 一人得道，鸡犬升天：Even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor. Absence makes the heart grow fonder.越是不见越想念。 An apple a day keeps the doctor away.常吃苹果少得病。 You can’t have your cake and eat it too.两者不可兼得。 Let sleeping dogs lie.莫惹是非。
You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.年逾花甲不堪教。 5,英汉两种说法貌似对应，意义却不同：
It takes two to make a quarrel:一个巴掌拍不响（都有双方都有缺点的意思），但汉语谚语中，还有一件有意义的事情不能靠一个人去完成的意思。
A miss is as good as a mile(没有打中就是没有打中，小失误也是失误，差一毫米和差一公里一样):差之毫厘，失之千里。不过，汉语中还有另一种寓意：小错误不及时纠正，最后会出大错，闯大祸，告诫人们要防微杜渐。 Gilding the lily同画蛇添足，不是锦上添花。
Life begins at forty:人到四十五，正如山出虎？潮怕二十，人怕四十？ 6,盲人瞎马：a blind man on a blind horse---rushing headlong to disaster
黄鼠狼给鸡拜年，没安好心：the weasel goes to pay his respects to the hen---not with the best of intentions
挂羊头，卖狗肉：hang up a sheep’s head and sell dogmeat---try to palm off sth. inferior to what it purports to be
芝麻开花节节高：a sesame stalk puts forth blossoms notch by notch,higher and higher
一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃：one monk,two buckets;two monks,one bucket;three monks,no bucket,no water---more hands,less work done有点像英语中的too many cocks spoil the broth(厨子太多难烧汤) 7，allusions(典故) from literature(语言P200):
红楼梦 Dream of Red Mansions 水浒传 Water Margin 三国演义 Three Kingdom 西游记 Pilgrimage to the West 阿Q正传 The true story of Ah Q
来自英国文学宝库，尤其是莎士比亚的作品：
Forgive and forget:不念旧恶，不记仇 That’s all Greek to me:我对此一窍不通 All’s well that ends well:结果好就一切都好
All is not good that glitters:发亮的东西不一定是金子-----好看的东西不一定都有用 Discretion is the better part of valour:小心即大勇；考虑周到胜过勇敢
A Cleopatra(a woman of breathtaking beauty (from Shakespeare’s Anthony and Cleopatra))
A Shylock(a cruel, greedy, money-grabbing person who will go to no ends to gain wealth(from Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice))
A Dr. Jekyl and Mr. Hyde(a person with a two-sided character, one side good and gentle, the other side evil and ruthless.(from Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyl and Mr. Hyde.))
A Frankenstein(usually a monster or thing that destroys its own creator;also,a personwho creates such a thing(from the story Frankenstein by Mary W.Shelley)) A Sherlock Holmes(a detective or shrewd person who has the uncanny ability to track down any quarry or solve any mystery through careful observations, scientific analysis, and logicalreasoning.(from Charles Arthur Conan Doyle’s well-known detective sotries))
An uncle Tom( a meek person who submits to indignities and sufferings without any thought or act of rebelling (from Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin))
A Horatio Alger story(often considered a myth,of a poor boy who works hard and finally rises to the top,becoming rich,successful,famous)
A catch-22 situation(an impossible situation(from a postwar American novel titled Catch-22 by Joseph Heller))
8, Allusions from mythology（语言p201）：
Europe: Europa, a princess who was abducted and carried off to Crete by a bull that was actually Zeus, king of gods in Greek mythology.
Atlantic Ocean: Atlantics, a mythical island in what is now the Atlantic Ocean Paris:Parisd,son of the king of Troy;in Greekmythology,his abduction of the
beautiful Helen led to the Trojan War
Tuesday :Tyr,Norse god of war noted for his bravery
Wednesday :Woden,most powerful of gods in AngloSaxon mythology Thursday:Thor,Norse god of thunder Friday: Freya, goddess of music
Saturday: Saturn, Roman god of agriculture
Uranium铀: Uranus,Roman mythological god of the heavens
Mercury水银:Mercury,messenger of the Roman gods;also,god of commerce and science
Mars火星: Mars, Roman god of war
Jupiter木星: Jupiter,god of the sky,king of the Roman gods 语言P68-69,202
9,Allusions from religion(语言P69-70,204) 10, Allusions from sports(语言P70-72,204-206)
11,Allusions involve recent or contemporary events,personalities,products,etc.,of a certain society (语言P72,206-207)
12,Allusions in China(语言P73-76,207-208)
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