由于香港背靠中国大陆以及中央政府政策扶持和内地的紧密合作，大陆成为香港的最大客源市场。2007年访港旅客2817万人次中，内地旅客共1549万多人，比2006年增长了13.9%，高于整体访港人次的增幅，占访港旅客总数的55%。
上图显示，虽然香港入境游人数与新加坡相比有压倒性优势，但香港旅游业依然面临着不可忽视的竞争与挑战。
（1）在客源市场的竞争方面：内地是香港最大的客源市场，占整体的50%以上，但它已成为旅游目的地竞相角逐的对象。AC尼尔森与世界免税协会（TFWA）05年联合发布的调查显示，中国游客境外游的人均每次购物花费高达987美元，已超过日本跃居全球之冠。因此，欧亚各国愈来愈重视中国市场。不少国家提供比香港更为便利的安排。如，新加坡、泰国及韩国等都能提供免签证及较长的逗留时间。其中泰国给予内地游客停留14天，而香港只能给予最多7天的逗留时间。
（2）在商务旅游和会展旅游方面：香港的会展业不仅受到新加坡的挑战，而且正越来越受到来自珠江三角洲的挑战。拒不完全统计，目前广州、深圳、东莞的会展面积已经接近或超过50万平方米，穗深莞三地将成为中国的超级展览地带。这将会分流香港会展及商务旅游的部分客源市场。
（3）在航空方面：香港与新加坡有同样的竞争优势，但是都面对大陆珠江三角洲机场群的竞争。在珠江三角洲内有香港、澳门、广州、深圳及珠海五大机场，竞争激烈。于2004年8月启用的广州白云新机场总投资达人民币两百亿，扮演者华南航空枢纽功能，并在东亚大型机场中位居要禁。
（4）在行业管理方面：香港旅游及其相关产业缺乏行业规范，如一些香港商人自律程度不高，出现旅游或商业欺诈行为，这使香港旅游业名誉整体受损。而新加坡在行业管理方面就做的比较完善。
Chapter Review
This chapter has considered the important role of tourism system in the study of tourism and industry. It is very essential to observe the tourist flow and industry within the system from the perspective of O-D Pair and N-S pair. Of course, the external factors or environmental factors may exert an impact on tourism activity, but they are also influenced by tourism activity. Tourism activity falls into two categories: tourist activities and industrial activities. For this reason, we should know not only the tourist flow in the system, but also the industrial distribution in the system. The case
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study of the multifunctional Singaporean tourism shows the three elements of tourism system interact with each other and each element of the system is mutually influential.
VI Homework of this chapter(课外作业) 网上测试部分请登陆国家双语示范课程《旅游学概论》网站：“网络课堂”。
Part I Text 第一部分 课文 Exercise
1. Fill in the blanks with proper words to complete the following statements.
product; residence; attractions; ?pull‘; external; spatial; traveler-generating; destination
(1) Tourism happens only when people travel from their residence to the destinations and enjoy the beautiful landscapes or the historical interests there.
(2) A tourist will consume the tourism _ product _____the tour operator offers when they are traveling.
(3) The spatial ____ movement from his residence to the destination plays an important role in realizing his travel desire.
(4) The tourist destination functions as a _―pull‖ factor in the market and provides an area for most of the tourism activity.
(5) In the destination _ region, we can find attractions and hospitality industry and in the transit route region, we have the transport sector.
(6) The tourist, as the tourism subject and located in the traveler-generating region, is the ?push‘ factor and gives impetus to the development of it.
(7) The tourism industry is primarily composed of travel trade, transport, accommodation and catering, as well as catering facilities and tourist attractions, etc. (8) The development of tourism system relies on the support of other external or environmental systems, such as socio-cultural, economic, political, physical, etc.
2. Questions for discussion
(1) In Leiper’s model, he points out three elements of the tourism system. What are the three elements in the system? How does the system work?
The three elements are: geographical elements, tourist, and tourism industry.
The traveler-generating region is the generating market, which stimulates and motivates travel. The tourist destination functions as the tourism object in the market and provides an area for most of the tourism activity. The tourist, as the tourism subject，gives impetus to the development of it. A tourist constitutes the primary flow of energy within this system. Every tourist must simultaneously meet certain spatial,
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temporal, and purposive criteria. The tourism industry helps to promote the tourism product.
(2) Leiper outlines three geographical elements in his model. How do the three elements interact with each other?
The three geographical elements in his model are: (1) Traveler-generating region; (2) Tourist destination region; (3) Transit route region.
The traveler-generating region (or origin region), refers to the place where tourists come from. It is the generating market, which stimulates and motivates travel.
The transit route region includes both the short period of travel from their origin region to the destination and other places on the way that tourists may stop to visit. The tourist destination is one of the most important elements in the whole tourism system. It functions as a ―pull‖ factor in the market and provides an area for most of the tourism activity. It also provides tourists with attractions of various types and planning and management strategies should be carried out in order to secure the tourist satisfaction.
(3) What kind of people can be considered as tourists? Give examples.
A tourist is someone who travels out of his usual environment for less than one year. He travels either to another country or place, for leisure, recreation, or business purposes.
The following are to be considered as a tourist: Those traveling for pleasure, for health, etc;
Those traveling for business or meeting relatives and friends; Those traveling in a representative capacity of any kind;
Those traveling by a sea cruise, when they stay for less than 24 hours.
(4) What are the ‘pull’ and ‘push’ factors? Why are they called so?
The tourist destination functions as a ―pull‖ factor in the market and provides an area for most of the tourism activity. It attracts different kinds of tourists through the attractions and the quality of management and service. The tourist, as the tourism subject and located in the traveler-generating region, is the ―push‖ factor and gives impetus to the development of it.
(5) What are the main sectors in the tourism industry? Where are they located in the tourism system?
The tourism industry is primarily composed of travel trade, transport, accommodation and catering, as well as catering facilities and tourist attractions, etc. Different sectors or companies to suit all budgets and tastes provide these products and services. The hospitality industry provides accommodation and entertainments for travelers. The tour wholesaler and travel agency sell and promote the products and services of the other sectors to travelers.
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(6) Tourism system is not an independent system and is influenced by external or environmental factors. Can you give some examples to illustrate how these factors influence the system?
The development of tourism system relies on the support of other external or environmental factors, such as socio-cultural, economic, political, physical, etc. The external factors can have a crucial effect on the formation of tourism systems. These factors are interdependent. Tourism system can also influence these external environments.
For example, without agriculture, no one can supply food for restaurant; without the oil industry, no vehicle can move and help tourists realize their spatial movement. And the tourism system, in turn, is also important to the development of other systems. It may be seriously affected by some adverse factors. For example, the political issue that has existed between Cuba and the United States for many years has hindered the establishment of a tourism system as the origin or destination regions.
旅游知识测试
正误判断：请在正确的选题上划√，错误的选题上划×。
1、雷柏尔的模型包括旅游者、旅游业、客源地、旅游通道和目的地等5个要素，重点突出了客源地、目的地和旅游通道3个空间要素。√
2、旅游活动涉及旅游者对旅游产品的需求(Need)和旅游企业、政府部门对市场的供给(Supply) ，地理学上称其为N- S对(N- S pairs)的研究。×
3、旅游活动的地理集中性不仅反映在全世界国际旅游活动的地区分布格局上，具体到某一个国家，旅游活动在该国各省（州、郡）及各城市间的分布情况，同样也呈现出这一特点。√
4、按照在旅游目的国停留的时间的长短，国际旅游活动划分为过夜的国际旅游和不过夜的国际一日游。√
5、旅游产业分布在旅游系统中的客源地、目的地和连接客源地和目的地的中转地。旅行社和饭店一般分布在旅游目的地。×
Part IV Reading Box 第四部分 阅读与分析
Topic discussion
1. Why does Singapore become as a major regional transit hub?
Singapore has developed as an important transit region because of travel on oceans. For a long time, it has been a vital link on the trans-shipment lanes. It functions as a link connecting Europe with eastern Asia. Although its position as tourist‘s oceanic transit stopover is no longer as important as it used to be, Singapore has now played a
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similar important role as an air transportation hub. For instance, Australians traveling from Sydney or Brisbane to London usually have a regular and fixed stopover in Singapore. As of 1997, 68 airlines directly linked Singapore with 133 cities in 53 countries. In the same year, its Changi airport provided 172,672 flights and more than 25 million passengers. This airport is being expanded to provide 60 million passengers by 2004. This reflects Singapore‘s intentional plan to further strengthen its position as a main transit hub. A case in point is the negotiation of air services and open skies arrangements with over 90 countries.
2. Why does Singapore also become a major tourist destination? Explore the Web site to search for more information about Singapore.
The Singapore government has played an important role in managing and controlling its status as a destination. For instance, inbound traffic after World War II was very small and remained a level that could be ignored. However, with the outbound flow, inbound tourists increase up to 7.3 million in 1996, or 2.2 arrivals per Singaporean family. Singapore becomes a tourist destination because it has diversified tourist resources, good transport connections with Asia and Europe. In addition, Singapore has played an important role in managing and controlling its status as one of the destinations in the world. Mostly important is that the functions of origin, transit, and destination interact well with each other.
3. How do the origin, transit and destination of Singapore interact with each other?
The origin, transit and destination functions of Singapore affect one another in various ways. For example, since inbound tourists increased largely since 1994, outbound tourists also increased steadily during the same period. As a result, the balance between the inbound and outbound decreased. Moreover, in order to attract more inbound tourists, Singapore government sets up more connections with other cities. Thus Singaporean residents get more places for their direct outbound travel. Such kind of mutual influence also exists between the transit and destination functions. Many inbound visitors have their first impression on Singapore when they have to stop over or have short trips during their transfer in Singapore.
4. What are some of the management implications on these interactions? What are the consequences?
Singapore‘s example shows what a country‘s government can do in its tourism management. The more the government is involved in managing and controlling its tourism sector, the more successful its tourism will be. Besides its favorable geographic position, Singapore has developed into a country with multifunctional status.
Singapore government pays comparatively less attention to its outbound tourism while paying more attention to its transit functions and its status as a final destination. To earn more income, Singapore‘s tourism planning and management has focused on some important plans including methods to attract tourists to visit and stay in
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