作者有三个以上，则在第一位作者的姓氏后写上et al.以示其余姓氏的省略；作者有两个，则在两位作者的姓氏之间加上and；作者有三个，则在第一位作者的姓氏之后加上逗号，后两位作者的姓氏之间加上and。如： (1) “Question of indefiniteness does not arise for non-referential noun phrase” (Li and Thompson 129).
(2) Modern Literary studies have their origin in classic studies (Graff et al. 19-35).
(3) Modern Literary studies have their origin in classic studies (Graff, Goldberger and Tarule 15-20). 4 引用同样姓氏的不同作者
假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏，则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母，如：
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46). 5 引用团体作者
引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应使用团体的名称，如：
It was apparent that the American health care system needed “to be fixed and perhaps radically modified” (Public Agenda Foundation 4). 6 引用无作者文献
引用无作者文献，如果文献标题没有出现在正文里，则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者（如果标题过长的话）使用该标题中的关键词组。独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出，出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。如：
(1) An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional (“Wordsworth Is A Loser” 100).
(2) A presidential commission reported in 1970 that recent campus protests had focused on “racial injustice, war, and the university itself” (Report 10).
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这里的Report的全称是Report of the President’s Commission on Campus Unrest.
(3) A New York Times editorial called Ralph Ellison “a writer of universal reach” (“Death”).
这里的“Death”的全称是“Death of a writer”.
（注意：无作者和页码的电子文献采用上面例（3）的夹注形式） 7 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字
书信和谈话（含电子邮件、访谈、电话等）无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出，但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如：
Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, May 12, 1989) admitted the need for an in-depth analysis of the otherness expressed in the work. 8 引用同一作者的多篇文献
引用同一作者的多篇文献时，在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组。如：
(1) Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Hand-Eye Development” 17).
(2) Computers are not useful tools for small children (Lightenor, “Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (Lightenor, “Hand-Eye Development” 17).
(3) Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children, though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Too Soon” 38 and “Hand-Eye Development” 17).
出版物内含的作品以及未出版的作品的标题中的关键词组用引号标出，如上面各例，独立出版物标题中的关键词组用斜体标出，如：
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(4) In The Age of Voltaire, the Durants portray eighteenth-century England as a minor force in the world music and art (214-48). To Will and Ariel Durant, creative men and women make “history forgivable by enriching our heritage and our lives” (Dual Autobiography 406). 9 同时引用不同作者的多篇文献
括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献，文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列（注意分号的使用），如： The dangers of mountain lions to humans have been well documented (Rychnovsky 40; Seidensticker 114; Williams 30). 10 引用非直接文献
论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献secondary source），但在无法找到直接文献（即一级文献primary source）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出，例如：
Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 2: 450).
（注意：“qtd. in”中的字母“i”不得大写。Boswell后面的2表示第2卷。） 引用非直接文献以后，在正文后面参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目，如：
Boswell, James. The Life of Johnson. Ed. George Birkbeck Hill and L. F. Powell. 6 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1934-50. 11. 引用多卷本中的一卷
如果引用一卷中的某部分，用卷数及页码作括号夹注，卷数及页码之间
用冒号隔开，不要用单词volume和page，也不要用这两个单词的缩写形式。
如：
(1) The anthology by Lauter and his coeditors contains both stowe?s “sojourner Truth, the Libyan Sibyl” (1: 2425-33) and Gilman?s “The Yellow Wall-Paper” (2: 800-12).
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(2) Wellek admits in the middle of his multivolume history of modern literary criticism, “An evolutionary history of criticism must fail. I have come to this resigned conclusion” (5: xxii).
但如果引用整卷，不需要用页码作括号夹注。如果作者的姓氏及卷数在正文中没有出现，括号夹注时在作者姓氏后加上逗号，并加上卷的缩写式vol. 及卷数。如果作者的姓氏及卷数在正文中出现，卷用全称volume，不再需要作括号夹注。如：
(3) Between the years 1945 and 1972, the political-party system in the United States underwent profound changes (Schesinger, vol. 4).
(4) In volume 2, Wellek deals with the psychoanalytical theory.
12 引用论文集中析出的文献，书的引言Introduction、前言Foreword、序
言Preface及后记Afterword 如果引用论文集中析出的文献，书的引言Introduction、前言Foreword、序言Preface及后记Afterword中的某部分，用所引用部分所在的页码作括号夹注，如果引用整个论文集中析出的文献、书的引言Introduction、前言Foreword、序言Preface及后记Afterword，用所引用的论文集中析出的文献，书的引言Introduction、前言Foreword、序言Preface及后记Afterword所在的页码作括号夹注。如：
(1) Trotsky, a leader in Russia?s October Revolution in 1917, declared in 1937 after reading The Iron Heel that London “saw incomparably more clearly and farther than all the social-democratic leaders of that time taken together” (138).
(2) London “merits recognition as a ?major figure? in American Literature” (Labor xiv).
(3) Lennon in his article deals with the fat budgie (357-58).
(4) Drabble gives a brief introduction to Eliot?s Middlemarch (vii-xvii). 13 引用文学作品和经典文献
在引用小说或散文时，一般情况下夹注方式如同以上各例。但如果小说有章节、分册，应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节，如：
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(1) One of Kingsolver?s narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary beyond its limits. For example, Rachel complains that being forced to live in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117; bk. 2, ch. 10).
例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第117页。（注意标点和缩略语的使用，标点及缩略语后要空格。）
如果小说没有章节、分册，标出引文所在的页码。如：
(2) For Dickens the eighteen century was both “the best of times” and “the worst of times” (35).
直接引用小说或散文时，如果引文为两段或两段以上，每一段的首行空13个空格（或6.5字符），其余行空10个空格（5字符）；但如果第一段引文的第一句话不是所引自段落的第一句话，该引文的第一句话只需空10个空格（5字符），剩余段落引文的第一句话空13个空格（或6.5字符）。如：
(3) In Moll Flanders Defoe maintains the pseudo-autobiographical narration typical of the picaresque tradition:
My true name is so well known in the records, or registers, at Newgate and In the Old Bailey, and there are some things of such consequence still depending there relating to my particular conduct, that is not to be expected I should set my name or the account of my family to this work […].
It is enough to tell you, that […] some of my worst comrades,
who are out of the way of doing me harm […] know me by the name of Moll Flanders […]. (1)
在引用诗歌时应标出引文的行。如果引文只有一行，引文放于双引号之内；如果引文为两行或三行，在行与行之间用（/）隔开，（/）前后要空格，引文放于双引号之内。如：
(4) Bradstreet frames the poem with a sense of morality: “All things within this fading world hath end” (1).
(5) Reflecting on the “incident” in Baltimore, Gullen concludes, “Of all the
things that happened there / That?s all that I remember” (11-12).
如果引文超过三行，引文另起行，左缩进10个空格（或5字符），不加引号，夹注紧随引文末尾（夹注如不能与诗行在同一行，应另起行，右边对齐）。如：
(6) Bishop?s “In the Waiting Room” is rich in evocative detail: It was winter. It got dark
early. The Waiting room was full of grow-up people,
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