英美文学史标准版复习2（文艺复兴时期）
The Renaissance（16c）文艺复兴时期
一．文艺复兴的背景（英国历史背景，事件）
--------------- “sheep devoured men”羊吃人的年代
1.The enclosure of commons(enclosure movement)圈地运动
2.establishing absolute monarchy建立绝对君主专制
3.Reign of Queen Elisabeth，defeat on the Spanish Invincible Armada伊丽莎白女王即位，打败了西班牙无敌舰队(on the high seas在公海)。
二．文艺复兴的术语理解及其新思想。
1.术语理解：The Renaissance was an ideological and cultural revolution that swept over all western Europe.The term renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical(Greek and Roman)arts and sciences.文艺复兴是席卷欧洲的意识形态和文化的革命。文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。
2.新思想:Humanism人文主义思想
3.对人文主义的理解：interest in man and his environment,admire human beauty and human achievement.
4.人文主义者的观点：They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge,but in man,his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.他们认为他们的兴趣不是在学习教会的知识上，而是在人、环境并勇敢的和专制的教会、教条斗争。
三．文学
1.文学上的成就：drama 戏剧 canto(poetry) 诗章 novel 小说
essay 散文
(1)Drama戏剧(Blank verse无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格，是16世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式)：Christopher Marlowe(1478-1535)马洛---The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》、 William
Shakespeare(1564-1616) 莎士比亚
(2)Canto(lyrical poetry抒情诗)诗：Thomas Wyatt(1503?-1542)魏阿特（怀特）-----the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature 引入十四行诗的第一人、Philip Sidney(1554-1586)菲利普.悉德尼 Henry Howard亨利.霍华德、Edmund Spenser(1552-1599)爱德蒙.斯宾塞-----poet’s poet 诗人中的诗人 pastoral田园派 The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem史诗) 他擅长写寓言性浪漫史诗long allegorical poem
(3)Novel 小说：John Lyly 约翰.里黎 (1553?-1606)---Eupheus 《尤弗伊斯》
(4)Essay(prose essay)散文：Francis Bacon(1561-1626)培根----essayist第一个散文家 作品Essays《论说文集》包括：The Truth 、The Studies。 Thomas More(1478-1535)托马斯.莫尔-----Utopia《乌托邦》、 Thomas Nashe(1567-1602)、Thomas Deloney
(5)University Wits 大学府派 who had studied at the universities of Oxford or Cambridge：Christopher Marlowe马洛、John Lyly 约翰.里黎 George Peele乔治.皮尔 Thomas Lodge托马斯.洛奇 Robert Green罗伯特.格林 Thomas Narshe、 Thomas Kyd托马斯.基德
2.Sonnet(十四行诗)：form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵)in 14 lines iambic pentameter ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
3.William Shakespeare莎士比亚：环球剧院创始人 ，一共37部戏剧， 154首十四行诗，2部叙事诗，分别是The Rape of Lucrece 《贞女节》、Venus and Adonis《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》
(1)作品(必记)：
1st： 1590-1600 comedies 喜剧------四大喜剧A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦 The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人 As You Like It皆大欢喜 Twelfth Night第十二夜
2nd: 1601-1608 tragedies 悲剧------四大悲剧Hamlet哈姆雷特(1601) Othello奥赛罗(1604) King Lear李尔王(1605) The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白(1605)
(Hamlet哈姆雷特是四大悲剧的代表)
3rd: 1609-1612 histories 历史记录
其他作品(浏览P71-P72)：The Taming of the Shrew 驯服悍妇、Much Ado About Nothing无事生非、The Merry Wives of Windsor温莎城堡、The Life and Death
of Julius Caesar凯撒大帝、All’s Well That Ends Well 终成眷属、Measure for Measure一报还一报、The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事、The Tempest暴风雨、Romeo and Juliet(悲剧)罗密欧与朱丽叶
(2)Hamlet《哈姆雷特》： 讲述Prince's Revenge Record王子复仇的故事，最后所有人的死了。
人物特点：Hamlet哈姆雷特：melancholy忧郁、hesitate犹豫不决、 not negative不消极、intellectual有知识的
Claudius克劳狄斯：cruel残忍，ambition野心，cattiness阴险
Ofelia奥菲利亚：既爱又怕 both love and fear
(3)Karl Marx马克思对Shakespeare莎士比亚和Aeschylus埃斯库罗斯(古希腊悲剧家)的评价： the two greatest dramatic geniuses the world has ever known 人类史上最伟大的两个戏剧家。
四．书上作品
1.P76-P77 Hamlet,Prince of Denmark
A room in the castle
Hamlet:To be, or not to be- that is the question: 生存或毁灭, 这是个必答之问题:
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer 是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击,
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune还是应与深如大海的无涯苦难搏斗，
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, 将其克服，此二者抉择，究竟是哪种崇高
And by opposing end them. To die- to sleep- 死即睡眠,
No more; and by a sleep to say we end 它不过如此!倘若一眠能够了结 The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks 心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患 That flesh is heir to. 'Tis a consummation 那么，此结局是可盼的 Devoutly to be wish'd. To die- to sleep. 死去，睡去
To sleep- perchance to dream: aye, there's the rub但在睡眠中可能有梦啊就是个阻碍
For in that sleep of death what dreams may come当我们摆脱了垂死之皮囊 When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, 在死之长眠有何梦来临？ Must give us pause. There's the respect 它令我们踌躇
That makes calamity of so long life. 使我们心甘情愿地承受长年之灾
For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, 否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨
Th' oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely, 如暴君之政、骄者之傲 The pangs of despis'd love, the law's delay, 失恋之痛、法章之慢 The insolence of office, and the spurns 贪官之侮、或庸民之辱
That patient merit of th' unworthy takes, 假如他能简单的一刃了之? When he himself might his quietus make 还有谁会肯去做牛做马, With a bare bodkin? Who would these fardels bear终生疲於操劳，默默的忍受苦难
To grunt and sweat under a weary life, 而不远走高飞, 飘於渺茫之境, But that the dread of something after death- 倘若他不是因恐惧身后之事 The undiscover'd country, from whose bourn 而使他犹豫不前? No traveller returns- puzzles the will, 此境乃无人知晓之邦 And makes us rather bear those ills we have 自古无返者。
单词 ：P76 nobler高贵 outrageous无情的 take arms against拿起武器反抗mortal coil迷途深林
P77 but that=If it’s not because undiscover’d country死后的世界 conscience良心 cowards胆小鬼，懦夫 Nymph仙女 orisons祈祷
重点句子：Hamlet:To be, or not to be- that is the question: 生存或毁灭, 这是个必答之问题:
独白的理解：Hamlet want to get rid of rotten skins, escape from prison, like the world of dark kingdom is filled with fear. Inner anxiety and discomfort.哈姆雷特想摆脱腐朽的皮囊，逃离像牢狱的世界，对黑暗王国充满了恐惧。内心焦躁和不安。
2. P118 Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?或许我可用夏日将你作比方， Thou art more lovely and more temperate:但你比夏日更可爱也更温良。
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,夏风狂作常会摧落五月的娇蕊， And Summer’s lease hath all too short a date; 夏季的期限也未免还不太长。 Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, 有时候天眼如炬人间酷热难当， And often is his gold complexion dimmed；但转瞬又金面如晦常惹云遮雾障。 And every fair from fair sometime declines,每一种美都终究会凋残零落，
By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimmed或见弃于机缘或受挫天道无常。
But thy eternal summer shall not fade, 然而你永恒的夏季却不会终止
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;你优美的形象也永远不会消亡， Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade,死神难夸口说你在它罗网中游荡，
When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st;只因你借我的诗行便可长寿无疆。 So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,只要人口能呼吸，人眼看得清 So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.我这诗就长存，使你万世流芳
Theme:The poet writes beautifully on the conventional theme that his poetry will bring eternity to the on he loves and eulogizes. 歌颂永恒的爱。
3. P119 Sonnet 29
When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes, 当我受尽命运和人们的白眼， I all alone beweep my outcast state, 暗暗地哀悼自己的身世飘零，
And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries, 徒用呼吁去干扰聋瞆的昊天， And look upon myself and curse my fate, 顾盼着身影，诅咒自己的生辰， Wishing me like to one more rich in hope, 愿我和另一个一样富于希望，
Featured like him, like him with friend's possessed, 面貌相似，又和他一样广交游
Desiring this man's art, and that man's scope, 希求这人的渊博，那人的内行 With what I most enjoy contented least; 最赏心的乐事觉得最不对头；
Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising, 可是，当我正要这样看轻自己 Haply I think on thee, and then my state, 忽然想起了你，于是我的精神 Like to the lark at break of day arising 便像云雀破晓从阴霾的大地
From sullen earth, sings hymns at heaven's gate; 振翮上升，高唱着圣歌在天门 For thy sweet love remembered such wealth brings 一想起你的爱使我那么富有 That then I scorn to change my state with kings. 和帝王换位我也不屑于屈就。
Theme:1.The poet complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of one he loves.2.Here Shakespeare is supposed to reveal his own thoughts and felling,especially in the first octet. 1.诗人抱怨和不满自己的苦难，由爱想到了 快乐生活。2.莎士比亚透露自己的思想和感觉。
补充：浏览P120 (书上老师没讲，她幻灯片上有，大致看看)
Sonnet 106
When in the chronicle of wasted time当我从那湮远的古代的纪年 I see descriptions of the fairest wights,发见那绝代风流人物的写真
And beauty making beautiful old rhyme艳色使得古老的歌咏也香艳
In praise of ladies dead and lovely knights,颂赞着多情骑士和绝命佳人
Then, in the blazon of sweet beauty's best,于是，从那些国色天姿的描画
Of hand, of foot, of lip, of eye, of brow,无论手脚、嘴唇、或眼睛或眉额
I see their antique pen would have expressed 我发觉那些古拙的笔所表达
Even such a beauty as you master now.恰好是你现在所占领的姿色
So all their praises are but prophecies所以他们的赞美无非是预言
Of this our time, all you prefiguring;我们这时代，一切都预告着你
And, for they looked but with divining eyes,不过他们观察只用想象的眼
They had not skill enough your worth to sing:还不够才华把你歌颂得尽致：
For we, which now behold these present days,而我们，幸而得亲眼看见今天
Had eyes to wonder, but lack tongues to praise. 只有眼惊羡，却没有舌头咏叹
五．1.对Hamlet的 分析：
Hamlet is not a mere scholar,and his nature is by no means meditative.On the contrary,Hamlet is a man of genius,highly accomplished and educated,a man of far-reaching perception and sparking wit.He is a scholar,solider and statesman.His image reflects the versatility of the men of the Renaissance.哈姆雷特不是一个纯粹的学者,他的本性决不是冥想。相反,哈姆雷特是一个有天赋的人,具有很高的造诣和受过教育,感知和机智。他是一位学者,士兵和政治家。他的形象反映了人文的复兴。