5. 口头的商业名片 6. 畅销书作者 7. 削减 8. 用打卡机记录下班时间 9. 中伤别人 10. 在控制之下 A. shoot oneself in the foot B. data dumping
C. clock out
D. first impression E. charity work F. trade show G. in control
H. verbal business card I. cut to the bone J. bestselling author
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Ex. 4
5． 经济艰难时期，广告的预算已经降到最低，而诸如面对面的营销则变得空前重
要。
6． 尽管每一个人的形象非常的复杂和独特， Bjorseth说企业家可以通过关注一些
简单的、非语言的事项来使自己显得自信和泰然。
7． 相反的， 通过让你的双脚之间有6-8英寸的距离， 一只脚在另一支脚的前面
——一种能够让你感到踏实和信心的姿态来“申明”你在房间里的位置。 8． 局促不安是让自己败下阵来的最为快捷的方式。
9． 说话单调的企业家会被认为是缺少激情，而讲话声音过小则可能会被认为是没
有信心。
Key to Text C
Ex. 1
1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
Unit 3
Key to Text A
Ex. 1
1. B 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. D Ex. 2 (For reference only)
1. For instance we have high-performance systems that can recognize tens of thousands of words. We have special speech-recognition software for dictation. There are also other systems which can accept extemporaneously generated speech over the telephone. And we have technology in virtual-assistant services which can allow users to request news and stock quotes and even listen to e-mail over the telephone.
2. The author believes that in the next generation of speech-based interfaces, with special language-understanding software computers can grasp the meaning of spoken words, which means we would be able to communicate with computers mostly the same way we communicate with other people. And on the output side, the machine will be able to verbalize: it has to take documents from the internet and find the appropriate information and turn it into well-formed sentences. For example, the machine will be able to ask questions such as “Did you say Boston, Massachusetts, or Austin, Texas?” to clarify. 3. Galaxy is a speech-based application built by the M.I.T. Laboratory for Computer Science. It is a distributed architecture, which means that all the computing takes place on
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remote servers. It can retrieve data from several domains of knowledge to answer a user’s query. And it can handle multiple users simultaneously. Lastly, it is mobile. You can access Galaxy using only a phone, and you can tell the machine to download data to your computer if you have Internet connection.
4. Galaxy has five main functions: speech recognition, language understanding, information retrieval, language generation and speech synthesis.
5. For instance, when you ask Galaxy a question, a server called Summit matches your spoken words to a stored library of phonemes. Then Summit generates a ranked list of candidate sentences. To make sense of the best-guess sentence, the Galaxy system uses another server called Tina, which applies basic grammatical rules to parse the sentence. Tina then formats the question in a semantic frame, a series of commands that the system can understand. For example, if you asked, “Where is the M.I.T. Museum?” Tina would frame the question as the command “Locate the museum named M.I.T. Museum.” Then a third server called Genesis converts the semantic frame into a query formatted for the database where the requested information lies. The system determines which database to search by analyzing the user's question. Once the information is retrieved, Tina arranges the data into a new semantic frame. Genesis then converts the frame into a sentence in the user's language: “The M.I.T. Museum is located at 265 Massachusetts Avenue in Cambridge.” Finally, a commercial speech synthesizer on yet another server turns the sentence into spoken words.
6. For instance, there is Jupiter offering weather information for 500 cities worldwide; Pegasus providing schedules of 4,000 commercial airline flights in the U.S. every day and Voyager guiding navigation and traffic in the greater Boston area.
Ex. 3
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. A Ex. 4
1. extemporaneously 2. mobility 3. download 4. bulky 5. irreducible 6. database 7. galaxy 8. server 9. phoneme, phoneme 10. Simultaneous Ex. 5
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. C 11. D 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. D 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. D Ex. 6
1. multiple users 2. virtual assistant 3. human-machine interface 4. speech synthesizer 5. 实时 6. 信息检索 7. 飞机飞行时刻表 8.天气预报
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Ex. 7
1. 传统的语音识别技术（把声音信号转换成数字信号）必须得到“语言理解”软件的补充、支持。这样计算机才能掌握话语的意义。
2. 如果忽略从网上下载时耽搁的话，这些系统几乎可以同步地答复人们的咨询——就像两个人之间的对话一样快。
3. 为了最大程度地猜对句子的含义，“银河系”要利用另外一个叫“蒂娜”的服务器，“蒂娜”会应用基本的语法规则把句子解析成各个部分：主语、谓语、宾语等等。 4. 又一个叫“创世纪”的服务器把语义结构转换成一个为数据库编排的问题，数据库里有所需要的信息。系统通过分析用户的问题来决定搜寻哪一数据库。 5. 自从1997年五月以来，“朱庇特”已经接了30,000多个电话。从用户的第一时间 的问询中，80%的问题得到了正确的理解。 Ex. 8
1. Speech is flexible—we do not have to touch or see anything to carry on a conversation. 2. AT&T Bell Labs pioneered the use of speech-recognition systems for telephone transactions.
3. The system can handle multiple users simultaneously, and last but not least, it is mobile.
4. If you also have an Internet connection, you can tell the machine to download data to your computer.
5. At this point, Galaxy is ready to search for answers.
Key to Text B
Ex. 1
Para. 1 ~ Para. 4 The von Neumann Architecture
A. the origin of digital computers (Para. 1) B. the components of the first digital computer— ENIAC (Para. 2) C. the significance of the first digital computer— ENIAC (Para. 2) D. the basic components of von Nenmann type computers (Para. 4) Para. 5 ~ Para. 7 Development of Computer Hardware A. the development of transistors (Para. 5) B. the development of IC (Integrated Circuit) (Para. 6) C. the development of LSIC (Large Scale Integrated Circuit) (Para. 7) Para. 8 ~ Para. 12 Development of Computer Software A. how to operate computers without software (Para. 8) B. how to operate computers with software (Para. 9-12) a. operating systems like UNIX, DOS and Windows (Para. 9-10) b. high-level computer programming languages like COBOL, C, C++ etc. (Para. 11-12.)
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Ex. 2
1. simulation 2. emanate 3. unprecedented 5. versatile 6. oriented 7. dissipated 9. constraints 10. domain Ex. 3
1. 原子弹 2. 冯诺依曼结构 3. 存储程序概念 4. 电路板 5. 电子元件 6. 操作系统 7. 应用软件 8. 指示灯 9. 分时系统 10. 人工智能
A. electronic device B. applied software C. atomic bomb
D. artificial intelligence E. display light
F. Stored Program Concept G. time-sharing system
H. von Neumann Architecture I. circuit board J. operating system
4. integral 8. executed
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