Ex. 2
1. perceived 2. treatise 3. distorts 4. plucked 5. disregarded 6. revenue 7.dilemma 8. imposing 9. conflict 10. vertical
Ex. 3
A. treatise 1. 累进税制 B. progressive principle 2. 论文、专著 C. revenue 3. 递减税制
D. compliance cost 4. 税级 E. tax brackets 5. 国防
F. lump-sum 6. 审计人员 G. auditors 7. 税务执行成本 H. national defense 8. 个人所得税 I. regressive principle 9. 一次总付的
J. individual income tax10. 国家的收入, 税收
Ex. 4 Ex.
1. One of its options is to issue stock. A 1. 征税的艺术是拔鹅的艺术，以便得到
company has other methods, such as 尽可能多的羽毛和最少的尖叫声。
issuing bonds and getting a loan from 2. 能力的支付原则认为，人们的税收应
the bank. 该在他们的支付能力之内，通常是
2. Stock raises capital without creating 按收入或财富来衡量的。
debt, i.e., without creating a legal 3. 累进税是按照收入增加来增加税收
obligation to repay borrowed funds. 比率，富有的人不但要付出比穷人
3. To assess the price. 更大数额的钱，而且要支付他们的
4. The yield is the annual dividend 收入中较大的一部分。
divided by the stock price. 4. 利益原则把公共服务等同于私人物
5. They are expected to earn a good return 品，并认为税就是人们享用了这些
on not only their previous equity, but 服务后所应该支付的费用。
on the increased equity represented 5. 提高税收体制效率的第三项措施考
by retained earnings. 虑到这一事实，当政府对一个商品
征税，它扭曲了消费者的行为，人
们就会少购买征税商品，而多买其他商品。 Key to Text A Ex. 1
1. D 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. C Key
Ex. 2 to Text C
Unit 6
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Para. 1 (1): accurately describe a large 7. 一口气，一下子，一举 8. 牛
class of observations on the 顿的引力理论 basis of a model that contains Ex. 7 only a few arbitrary elements 1. 要谈论宇宙的本质，讨论宇宙是否有(2): make definite predictions 起点或终点这样的问题，必须弄清什about the results of future observations 么是科学理论。 Para. 2. an extension of the previous ones 2. 即使某一理论与数次实验结果相一Para. 3 provide a single theory that 致，也绝不能断定这一理不会与下一describes the whole universe 次试验结果相矛盾。 Para. 3 (1): the laws that tell us how the 3. 要想一步登天地提出一种能描述整universe changes with time 个宇宙的理论证明是非常困难的。 (2): the question of the initial state 4. 如果宇宙中一切根本是相互依赖的，of the universe 那么孤立地研究问题的一部分也许Para. 5 (1): the general theory of relativity 不可能得到完备的答案。
(2): quantum mechanics 5. 另一方面，量子力学解决的问题是极Para. 5. a quantum theory of gravity 小规模的现象，例如万亿亿分之一英 寸。 Ex. 3 Ex. 8
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. D 5. A 1. They deduced this formula on the basis 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. D of many experiments.
2. He saw astronomical patterns from Ex. 4
1.gravitational 2. unfortunately 3. which he could make calculations and government 4. based 5. predictions. accuracy 3. Generally speaking, weight should be 6.religious 7. depend 8. proportional to height. extremely 9.requires 10. solved 4. The original road shall be widened
gradually if its width is inconsistent Ex. 5
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. B with regulations. 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. A 5. Scholars and researchers should not be 11. A 12. B 13. B 14. D 15. C concerned with whether their work 16. D 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. A makes a contribution to the larger
society. Ex. 6
1. quantum mechanics 2. general theory of relativity Key to Text B 3. physical laws 4. Ex. 1 square of the distance 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. D 5. 原则上， 基本上 6. 孤Ex. 2
1. gaseous 2. submit 3. 立地
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identified 4. comprise 5. solar
6. generating 7.density 8. mean 9. dim 10. exhaust
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Ex. 4
1. 如果真的有外星生命存在,那么它们必定需要有一颗可以在上面进行演化的行
星。
2. 新型天文望远镜及其观测技术已经直接发现了其它的外行星, 方法就是测量行
星经过恒星表面时恒星亮度细微变暗的程度。
3. 他们说有足够证据表明在同一星系内还存在另一颗行星, 体积为地球的8 倍,
运行周期为84 天。
4. 行星表面的平均温度可能介于0℃到40℃之间, 与同地球距离最近的两个邻居
金星和火星相比,这颗行星更适合人类居住。
5. 在此之后, 据推测太阳会变成一颗红巨星,到那时候目前构成太阳的氢会消耗
殆尽, 太阳会转而燃烧氦气。
Key to Text C
Ex.1
1. About 15 billion years ago a tremendous explosion started the expansion of the
universe. This explosion is known as the Big Bang.
2. Edwin Hubble made the observation that the universe is continuously expanding and discovered that a galaxy’s velocity is proportional to its distance. Hubbles’ observations provided for the foundation of the Big Bang theory.
3. In 1964, two astronomers, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, in an attempt to detect microwaves from outer space, inadvertently discovered a noise of extraterrestrial origin. The noise did not seem to emanate from one location but instead, it came from all directions at once. It became obvious that what they heard was radiation from the farthest reaches of the universe which had been left over from the Big Bang.
4. NASA’s COBE satellite has detected cosmic microwaves emanating from the outer reaches of the universe. These microwaves were remarkably uniform which illustrated the homogeneity of the early stages of the universe. However, the satellite also discovered that as the universe began to cool and was still expanding, small fluctuations began to exist due to temperature differences. These fluctuations verified prior calculations of the possible cooling and development of the universe just fractions of a second after its creation. These fluctuations in the universe provided a more detailed description of the first moments after the Big Bang.
5. Immediately after the Big Bang, the universe was tremendously hot and then it began to cool, at around 10-43 seconds after creation, when there existed an almost equal yet asymmetrical amount of matter and antimatter. As these two materials are created together, they collide and destroy one another creating pure energy. Fortunately for us, there was an asymmetry in favor of matter. As a direct result of an excess of about one
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part per billion, the universe was able to mature in a way favorable for matter to persist.
As the universe expanded further, and thus cooled, common particles began to form. These particles are called baryons and include photons, neutrinos, electrons and quarks would become the building blocks of matter and life as we know it.
After the universe had cooled to about 3000 billion degrees Kelvin, a radical transition began which has been likened to the phase transition of water turning to ice. Composite particles such as protons and neutrons, called hadrons, became the common state of matter after this transition.
After about one to three minutes had passed since the creation of the universe, protons and neutrons began to react with each other to form deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen. Deuterium, or heavy hydrogen, soon collected another neutron to form tritium. Rapidly following this reaction was the addition of another proton which produced a helium nucleus. After further cooling, these excess protons would be able to capture an electron to create common hydrogen. Consequently, the universe today is observed to contain one helium atom for every ten or eleven atoms of hydrogen.
Unit 7
Key to Text A
Ex. 1
1.A 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. D
Ex. 2
Para. 1: stereotypes and caricatures Para. 2: in-depth knowledge of business; conceited; employees must obey them; talk fast and loud. Para. 3: a broad but not thorough knowledge of the company’s operation; insular; a lack of confidence in the abilities of subordinates; meetings are not supposed to decide anything; seldom keep promises. Para. 4 : adept at industry, finance and government; rude, haughty, jealous, eager to show off; issue orders; what they say at meetings does not count; love to talk. Para. 5: many years of technical training and high degrees; serious, formal; pull rank and give orders; meetings are conducted with great attention to order and detail; sometimes they raise voice and pound the table to intimidate others into further concessions.. 20