D) A discuss about how to set a proper attitude towards future.
2. The example of what Plato thought in the passage shows that __________.
A) the development of science really can solve a great many of the problems on which philosophers still argue
B) Plato knew nothing about Physics
C) the scientists have achieved a lot in terms of light theory D) different people have different ways of perception
3. What field can our descendants know?
A) The origin of human beings.
B) Some questions that perplex us today.
C) Many philosophical problems which Marx and Engels wrote rather little. D) The future.
4. How many kinds of ideas are there about the future?
A) Two. B) Three. C) Four. D) Five.
5. What are the functions of studying philosophies mentioned in the passage?
A) The study of philosophies would make our own ideas flexible.
B) The study of philosophies would help prepare us for the future and guide our actions.
C) The study of philosophies would enable us to understand how things develop as to better tackle the future.
D) All of the above.
BADBD 4
The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people could receive humane care in hospital-like environments and treatment which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid 1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylums became overcrowded and prison like. Additionally, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten.
These conditions continued until after World War II. At that time, new treatments were discovered for some major mental illnesses theretofore considered untreatable (pencillin for syphilis of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions), and a succession of books, motion pictures, and newspaper exposes called attention to the plight of the mentally ill. Improvements were made and Dr. David Vail's Humane Practices Program is a beacon for today. But changes were slow in coming until the early 1960s. At that time, the Civil Rights movement led lawyers to investigate America's prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons -- the hospitals for the criminally insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by legal support, were quick to demand their rights. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered \and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranquilizers. The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong. And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice, which once exposed, was bound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience. Patients' rights groups successfully encouraged reform by lobbying in state legislatures. Judicial interventions have had some definite positive effect, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that assure good patient care. The details of providing day-to-day care simply cannot be mandated by a court, so it is time to take from the courts the responsibility for delivery of mental health care and assurance of patient rights and return it to the state mental health administrators to whom the mandate was originally given. Though it is a difficult task, administrators must undertake to write rules and
standards and to provide the training and surveillance to assure that treatment is given and patient rights are respected.
1. The main purpose of the passage is to _________.
A) provide an historical perspective on problems of mental health care B) increase public awareness of the plight of the mentally ill C) shock the reader with vivid descriptions of asylums D) describe the invention of new treatments for mental illness
2. The author's attitude toward people who are patients in state institutions can best be described as __________.
A) inflexible and insensitive B) detached and neutral
C) understanding and sympathetic D) enthusiastic and supportive
3. It can be inferred from the passage that, had the Civil Rights movement nor prompted an investigation of prison conditions _________.
A) states would never have established asylums for the mentally ill
B) new treatments for major mental illness would have likely remained untested C) the Civil Rights movement in America would have been politically ineffective D) conditions in mental hospitals might have escaped judicial scrutiny
4. The tone of the final paragraph can best be described as _________.
A) overly emotional B) cleverly deceptive C) cautiously optimistic D) fiercely independent
5. According to the passage, mental hospital conditions were radically changed because of ________.
A) as groups of young angry men in the 1900s B) active young lawyers in the 1960s C) innocent insane patients' protest D) powerful court interventions
ACDCB 5
What will it mean to know the complete human genome. Eric Lander of MIT's Whitehead Institute compares it to the discovery of the periodic table of the elements in the last 1800s. \\meansly list\which will in on a single CD-ROM. Already researchers are extracting DNA from patients, attaching fluorescent molecules and sprinkling the sample on a glass chip whose surface is speckled with 10,000 known genes. A laser reads the fluorescence, which indicates which of the known genes on the chip are in the mystery sample from the patient. In only the last few months such \monitoring\distinguished between two kinds of cancer that require very different chemotherapy. But decoding the book of life poses daunting moral dilemmas. With knowledge of our genetic code will come the power to re-engineer the human species. Biologists will be able to use the genome as a parts list much as customers scour a list of china to replace broken plates and may well let prospective parents choose their unborn child's traits. Scientists have solid leads on genes for different temperaments, body builds, statures and cognitive abilities. And if anyone still believes that parents will recoil at praying God, and leave their baby's fate in the hands of nature recall that couples have already created a frenzied market in eggs from Ivy League women. Beyond the profound ethical issues are practical concerns. The easier it is to change ourselves and our children, the less society may tolerate those who do not; warns Lori Andrews of Kent College of Law. If genetic tests in uterus predict mental dullness, obesity, short stature or other undesirable traits of the moment will society disparage children whose parents let them be born with those traits? Already, Andrews finds, some nurses and doctors blame parents for bringing into the world a child whose birth defect was diagnosable before delivery; how long will it be before the same condemnation applies to cosmetic imperfections? An even greater concern is that well intentioned choices by millions of individual parents-to-be could add up to unforeseen consequences for all of humankind. It just so happens that some disease genes also confer resistance to disease: carrying a gene for sickle cell
amenia, for instance, brings resistance to malaria. Are we smart enough, and wise enough, to know how knocking out \genes will affect our evolution as a species? 1. The main similarity between the biology's periodic table and the periodic table of the elements is _________.
A) they are both lists
B) they can be used to explain every phenomenon in their own fields C) they can be used to diagnose diseases D) they are both used to cure diseases
2. In the second paragraph, \
A) a book written by a prophet B) a book written by a biologist C) the periodic table of the elements D) the human genome
3. We can infer that some couples are eager to get eggs from Ivy League women because _________.
A) they can't give birth to children B) they want to have a good-looking child C) they want to have a clever child D) curiosity drives them to do that
4. It can be learned from the passage that _________.
A) \B) all of the disease genes are harmful to human beings C) short people may also be looked down upon in future D) scientists are encouraged to do research on human genome