A) The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic (插话式的) rather than narrative form.
B) Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.
C) Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic schema. D) Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure.
4. The author of the passage suggests that psychohostorians view history primarily as _________.
A) a report of events, causes, and effects that is generally accepted by historians but which is, for the most part, unverifiable
B) an episodic account that lacks cohesion because records of the role of childhood, work, and leisure in the lives of historical figures are rare
C) an uncharted sea of seemingly unexplainable events that have meaning only when examined as discrete (不连续的) units
D) a record of the way in which a closed set of unchallengeable psychological laws seems to have shaped events
5. The author of the passage puts the word \(the last sentence of Paragraph 3) in quotation marks most probably in order to _________.
A) signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians' claims for their work
B) draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians' method C) emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians' method and that of the psychohistorians
D) disassociate her opinion of psychohistorians' insights from her opinion of their method
AACDA 11
To these indirect presumptions that our sensations, following the mutations of our capacity for feeling, are always undergoing an essential change, must be added another presumption, based on what must happen in the brain. Every sensation corresponds to some cerebral action. For an identical sensation to recur it would have to occur the second time in an unmodified brain. But as this, strictly speaking, is a physiological impossibility, so is an unmodified feeling an impossibility; for to every brain-modification, however small, we suppose that there must correspond a change of equal amount in the consciousness which the brain subserves.
But if the assumption of \easily shown to be baseless, how much more baseless is the assumption of immutability in the larger masses of our thought! For there it is obvious and palpable that our state of mind is never precisely the same. Every thought we have of a given fact is, strictly speaking, unique, and only bears any resemblance of kind with our other thoughts of the same fact. When the identical fact recurs, we must think of it in a fresh manner, see it under a somewhat different angle, apprehend it in different relations from those in which it last appeared. And the thought by which we cognize is the thought of it in those relations, a thought suffused with the consciousness of all that dim context. Often we are ourselves struck at the strange differences in our successive views of the same thing. We wonder how we ever could have opined as we did last month about a certain matter. We have outgrown the possibility of that state of mind, though we know not how.
For one year to another we see things in new lights. What was unreal has grown real, and what was exciting is insipid. The friends we used to care the world for are shrunken to shadow; the women once so divine, that stars, the woods, and the waters, how now so dull and common! -- The young girls that brought an aura of infinity, at present hardly distinguishable existences; the pictures so empty; and as for the booksm what was there to find so mysteriously significant in Goethe, or in John Mill so full of weight? Instead of all this, more zestful that ever is the work, the work; and fuller and deeper the import of common duties and of common goods. 1. Our sensations are assumed to change because __________.
A) the brain changes
B) no sensation occurs twice in the same way C) sensations are complicated
D) our capacity for feeling remains constant
2. We can infer that the writer is ________.
A) friendless B) not a young man
C) depressed by his findings
D) dismayed by the changeability of feeling and thoughts
3. Which of the following states the main idea of this passage?
A) We can know sensations only through reasoning, never by direct experience. B) Our mental processes are characterized by change. C) Work is the best goal of men.
D) Each thought is known only in context of our other thoughts.
4. The author apparently feels that _________.
A) our values remain constant throughout our lives B) our senses are more reliable than our minds C) the things we value in our youth are worthless D) our reality changes as we change
5. The word \
A) without interesting qualities B) not tasty C) lovely D) invalid
ABBDA 12
Over the last decade, demand for the most common cosmetic surgery procedures, like breast enlargement and nose jobs, has increased by more than 400 per cent. According to Dr. Dai Davies, of the Plastic Surgery Partnership in Hammersmith, the majority of cosmetic surgery patients are not chasing physical perfection. Rather, they are driven to fantastic lengths to improve their appearance by a desire to look normal. \
advertising media and other external pressures. They give us a perception of what is physically acceptable and we feel we must look like that.\
In America, the debate is no longer about whether surgery is normal; rather, it centers on what age people should be before going under the knife. New York surgeon Dr. Gerard Imberre commends \idea if waiting until one need a heroic transformation is silly,\he says. \then, you've wasted 20 great years of your life and allowed things to get out of hand.\Dr. Inber draws the line at operating on people who are under 18, however, \seems that someone we don't consider old enough to order a drink shouldn't be considering plastic surgery.\
In the UK cosmetic surgery has long been seen as the exclusive domain of the very rich and famous. But the proportionate cost of treatment has fallen substantially, bringing all but the most advanced laser technology within the reach of most people. Dr. Davie, who claims to \a few of the rich and famous and an awful lot of secretaries. Of course, ￡3,000 for an operation is a lot of money. But it is also an investment for life which costs about half the price of a good family holiday.\
Dr. Davies suspects that the increasing sophistication of the fat injecting and removal techniques that allow patients to be treated with a local anesthetic in an afternoon has also helped promote the popularity of cosmetic surgery. Yet, as one woman who recently paid ￡2,500 for liposuction to remove cellulite from her thighs admitted, the slope to becoming a cosmetic surgery veteran is a deceptively gentle one. \the clinic was so low key and effective it whetted my appetite. Now I don't think there's any operation that I would rule out having if I could afford it.\1. According to the text, the reason for cosmetic surgery is __________.
A) being physically healthy B) looking normal C) investing for life D) improving appearance
2. According to paragraph 3, what Dr. Davies said implies that ________.
A) cosmetic surgery, though costly, is worth having B) cosmetic surgery is very expensive
C) cosmetic surgery is necessary even for the average person
D) cosmetic surgery is beyong the reach of most people
3. There is a hot debate in America about ________.
A) whether those who are under 18 need cosmetic surgery
B) whether people should have \C) at what age people should have cosmetic surgery
D) whether cosmetic surgery should cater for the average person
4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) It is wise to have cosmetic surgery under 18. B) Cosmetic surgery is now easier and less painful. C) People tend to abuse cosmetic surgery.
D) The earlier people have cosmetic surgery, the better they will be.
5. The text is mainly about _________.
A) the advantage of having cosmetic surgery B) what kind of people should have cosmetic surgery C) the reason why cosmetic surgery is so popular D) the disadvantage of cosmetic surgery
BACBC 13
Like our political society, the university is under severe attack today and perhaps for the same reason; namely, that we have accomplished much of what we have set out to do in this generation, that we have done so imperfectly, and while we have been doing so, we have said a lot of things that simply are not true. For example, we have earnestly declared that full equality of opportunity in universities exists for everyone, regardless of economic circumstance, race or religion. This has never been true. In another sense the university has failed. It has stored great quantities