《专业英语》外文翻译 2013-2014学年第2学期 期末考核
inquiring about the future of the urban management approach. It suggests that it is necessary to focus on politics, because policies of administrative decentralization（权力下放；非集权化） largely applied throughout the developing world may increase the (administrative) load of urban managers,without giving them the necessary (political) power.Finally, there is a need to distinguish between the current development ideas associated with urban management, and urban management per se. It is necessary to think about how to conform urban management to changes in development paradigms ie changes which will happen if the neo-liberal paradigm falls into demise.
译文：令人困惑的原因的概念是相关许多代理的共犯(研究社区，人民运动联盟和国际捐助者)，并且这样一个事实，它有助于保持当前的现状(第一个问题的分析)。问题就是由此产生，因为人民运动联盟的模糊性。为了解决这些问题,发展城市管理来提高城市发展的管理是有很必要的。目前提出关注城市管理的原因是在论文的第二部分。有关于他现有的使用方法以及在第三节中提出，随后有一节说的是处理人民运动联盟的具体问题。这篇文章通过询问的未来城市管理的方法得出结论。它表明了关注政治是有必要的，因为管理的权力下放政策主要应用在发展中国家，因为他们可能增加城市管理者的负担，在没有给予他们必要的（政治的）权利下。最后，区分当前与城市管理有关的发展思路，和城市管理本身是有必要的。如果新自由主义范例陷入灭亡，考虑如何适合城市管理发展范式的变化即会发生变化也是有必要的。
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《专业英语》外文翻译 2013-2014学年第2学期 期末考核
The management of urban development: emergence and importance of an approach
城市发展的管理：一种方法的重要性和涌现性
International theories and policies of urban development for developing countries have gone through a number of changes in the past few decades. In very broad terms, during the 1960s up to the mid-1970s the emphasis was on grand plans and programmes, which included large-scale, standardized, provision of urban services, based on modernist (master) planning principles.From the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, the approach was project based. It entailed smaller、pilot interventions,which could be replicated elsewhere. There was more concern with specific circumstances (rather than international patterns).Emphasis was given to issues like self-help,community involvement, support to informal/illegal settlements rather than construction of large-scale standardized estates.From the mid-1980s to the present there has been more concern with long-term, city-wide processes rather than pilot/specific projects. Emphasis has been placed on local capacity building and institutional strengthening for the management of the urban development process. Although we should be cautious when considering urban management as 'the' ultimate approach in the current period, it is a concept which encapsulates the
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《专业英语》外文翻译 2013-2014学年第2学期 期末考核
new tendencies, and is now at the core of urban development thinking and assistance.
译文：国际理论和发展中国家的那些城市发展政策发展在过去的几十年里经历了很多变化。在非常广泛的术语,在19世纪60年代到19世纪70年代中期重点强调的是宏伟的计划和规划,其中包括大规模、标准化的、城市服务的提供、基于现代主义规划原则。从19世纪70年代中期到19世纪80年代中期,这个方法是以这个项目为基础的。它需要更小的、试点的干预措施,它可以推广到其他地区。有更多关注具体情况(而不是国际模式)。强调了像自助、社区参与、支持非正式或者非法定居点，而不是大规模的标准化的房地产的建设。从19世纪80年代中期到现在，已经有更多的关心对于与长期、整个的过程而不是试点的或者具体项目。重点一直放在当地能力建设和制度上加强整个城市发展过程的管理。虽然我们应该谨慎当我们考虑到：在当前时期，城市管理作为一个最终的方法，他是一个压缩了新趋势的概念，并且现在正处于城市发展思想和援助的核心。 The reasons for these shifts in approach are, in general terms, failure (of each previous approach) to tackle escalating urban problems. In the case of the emergence of urban management, the main problems mentioned in the related literature include poverty, the informal sector, lack of access to urban services, illegal settlements and environmental degradation（退化） (Clarke, 1991a; Devas and Rakodi, 1993; Stren, 1992a, 1993; UMP, 1994).Although these specific issues are valid, it is important to understand the changes in the political and economic structure of society that have brought about the increased attention to urban
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《专业英语》外文翻译 2013-2014学年第2学期 期末考核
management. The main issues highlighted here are the restructuring of the current mode of production prevailing throughout the world (ie capitalism), associated changes in the regime of accumulation, with an emphasis in the locality and the increasing complexity and fragmentation of society.
译文：这些方法转变的原因是，概括地说，失败(每个之前的方法)来解决不断升级的城市问题。在城市管理的出现的情况下，在相关文献中提到的主要问题包括贫困、非正式部门、缺乏城市服务的途径、非法定居和环境退化(克拉克,1991;提婆和Rakodi,1993;斯特恩,1992 a,1993;人民运动联盟,1994)。 尽管这些具体问题是有根据的，重要的是要理解社会政治和经济结构的变化，和带来有关城市管理的注意阻滞。这里主要强调的问题是盛行世界的重组现有的生产模式(即资本主义)，相关制度的变化积累，强调的是所在地和不断增加的复杂性和社会分裂。
Restructuring重建
Castells (1989, p 11), for instance,defines restructuring as 'the process by which modes of production1 transform their organizational means to achieve their unchanged structural principles of performance'. The present round of restructuring of the capitalist mode is based, among
1 A mode of production can be defined as the way in which social structures interact with production processes by determining the rules for the appropriation and distribution of the surplus - see, for instance, Castells (1989).可以定义为生产方式的社会结构与生产过程通过确定拨款的规则和分配的盈余——看,例如,卡斯特(1989)。
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《专业英语》外文翻译 2013-2014学年第2学期 期末考核
other things, on information technology and a process of internationalization of the economy.This has led to a weakening of national institutions. On the one hand, they are being overwhelmed by global issues, such as the expanding international flow of goods, services and capital, which is beyond their control.On the other hand, they do not have the attributes to respond to specific needs of different places within the country. As Kirby (1993, p 137) notes,'we are seeing the dissolution of the state system from both directions'. Thus, the central state apparatus(器官；机构) has been pressured both from above and from below. In this context, local institutions are assuming pivotal（关键的） importance. They have the flexibility and adaptability to respond to global changes, and to adjust them to the specific interests of each locality. However, local institutions have had to adapt themselves in order to respond to changes related to the restructuring of the mode of production. Such changes entail（需要） the rise of a new regime of accumulation; while the adaptation required in local institutions is related to the emergence of the urban management approach.
译文：卡斯特(1989，p 11)，例如，将重建定义为生产模式的过程，转变他们的组织方式以达到他们不变结构性能的原理。目前一轮重组资本主义模式为基础，除此之外，在信息技术和经济国际化的过程。这导致了国家机构的削弱。一方面,他们被全球性问题压倒,如扩大国际货物的物流、服务和成本、这是超出了他们的控制范围。另一方面，他们没有属性去回应全国不同的地方的特定需求。
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