13. rather than 而不是 …… 后面跟名词, 代词, 从句
The color seems green rather than blue .
If you ran rather than walked , you would have arrived earlier .
We depend on you rather than on him .
You should help them rather than they should help you .
prefer to do sth rather than do sth . 宁愿…… , 也不 …… She preferred to stay at home rather than go with us . He preferred to listen to music rather than play games . Would rather do sth than do sth . 宁愿…… , 也不 …… He would rather play than work .
I would rather take the slowest train than go there by air . 14. instead (1) 位于句首, 表示 “ 反而, 相反”
I
didn’t go to the cinema last night . instead, I watched a football match on TV.
The boy didn’t sing to the music . Instead , he sang his own way . ( 2 ) 位于句尾, 表示 “ 作为代替, 而是”
Mr smith was ill , so mr green was taking his class instead . I don’t like this one , please give me that instead .
instead of 后跟名词, 代词, 动名词, 介词短语.表示 “ 代替, 而不是” I have come instead of my brother . He is ill .
We walked down the stairs instead of taking the elevator ( 电梯 ) . He studies in the evening instead of during the day . 15. enter (1) 参加 == take part in \\ join
More than one thousand sportsmen entered \\ took part in the games . My brother hopes to enter \\ join the army next year . ( 2 ) 进入 ==come into \\ go into
She entered\\ came into the room with these words . Did you see someone enter \\ go into the house ?
16. encourage 动词, 鼓励, 激励 encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人做某事 Parents should encourage children to do things by themselves . Our English teacher encourages us to keep a dairy in English . 17. progress 名词, “ 进步, 进展” make progress “取得进步, 取得进展” My parents are pleased with my progress in lessons . Tom is now making much \\ great progress at school .
They made no progress in the heavy snow .
18. suggest 动词, 建议, 提议. 后跟名词, 代词, 动名词和从句
she suggested a way out of the difficulty .
he suggested going home .
who suggested you staying here ?
I suggested we ( should ) hold a meeting .
19. take an interest in ( doing ) sth. 对 ( 做 )某事感兴趣
否定表达是 take no interest in ( doing ) sth. 对 ( 做 )某事不感兴趣 Do you take an interest in English ?
Most children take an interest in playing computer games . He takes no interest in playing basketball .
be \\ become interested in ( doing ) sth对 ( 做 )某事感兴趣
I’m deeply interested in swimming . She became interested in singing when she was only 7 years old .
20. Three good ways of improving English are mentioned .
提到了三种提高英语的好方法.
of improving English是介词短语作定语修饰ways . 它相当与 动词不定
式.
Three good ways of improving English are mentioned . === Three good ways to improve English are mentioned . Can you find a way to work out the problem ? ==Can you find a way of working out the problem ? Fast is another way of saying quick . == Fast is another way to say quick . Mention (1) 动词, “ 提到, 提及, 说起 ”
as mentioned above 如上所述
He often mentioned his past to me .
Nobody mentioned anything to me about it . Did she mention where she was going ?
You mentioned in your letter that you might be moving abroad . As mentioned above , there are many good ways to learn English well . ( 2 ) 名词, “ 提及, 说起 ”
The newspaper made no mention of him . 21. make friends with sb. 和某人交朋友
Would you like to make friends with us ? I find it difficult to make friends with Ben . 二. 形容词、 副词 一、形容词
（一）形容词的含义：表示人或事物的特征、性质、状态的词叫形容词。 （二）形容词的用法及位置：
1．作定语，放在名词之前，不定代词之后。
The nice girl is my sister .
I have something important to tell you .
2. 少数形容只能作表语不能作定语：alone , afraid , ill , asleep , awake , alive , well 。
3.作表语，放在系动词之后。 He looks happy .
4. 作宾语补足语，放在宾语之后，常与make , leave , keep 等动词连用。 You must keep your eyes closed . Don’t make your hands dirty . 5. 某些形容词放在定冠词the之后，表示一类人。常见的词有：good , bad , rich , poor ,
young , old , deaf , blind , black , white , living , dead 。
The young should be polite to the old . Please don’t laugh at the poor .
6. 某些表示情感的表语形容词后可接动词不定式（to + 动词原形）： glad , happy , pleased
be sorry , sad , sure , kind + to do sth . ready , afraid , able easy , difficult
(三) 形容词比较级和最高级的构成： 1．规则变化
（1）一般情况，直接在词尾加er \\ est 。 (2) 以不发音的字母e结尾时， 加 r \\ st 。
（3）以“辅音字母 +y ”结尾时， 把y变为 i ，再加er \\ est 。 ( 4) 部分形容词，先双写最后一个辅音字母，再加er \\ est 。 big , hot, fat , thin , red ,
(5) 部分形容词， 在前面加 more \\ most 。
beautiful , careful , important , delicious , difficult , dangerous (6) 以ly结尾的形容词，在前面加more \\ most 。
friendly(友好的) , lonely（孤独的） , lovely（可爱的）
Likely（有希望的） , daily （日常的）, lively （有生气的） 2. 不规则变化
good \\ well --- better--- best many \\ much --- more--- most bad \\ ill --- worse --- worst little --- less --- least
far ---farther (较远的) \\ further (进一步的) ---farthest (最远的) \\ furthest （最大程度的）
old ---older(年纪较大的) \\ elder（年纪最大的）---oldest（较年长的）\\ eldest (最年长的)
(四) 形容词原级的用法：
1．说明人或事物自身的性质、特征或状态时用形容词原形。
The flowers in the garden are beautiful .
2. 有表示程度的副词very , so , too, enough , quite 等修饰时，用形容词原形。 The boy is too young .
3.表示A与B在某方面程度相同或不同时，用形容词原形。
肯定句：A + 动词 + as + 形容词原形 + as + B 。 English is as interesting as Chinese . Xiao Ming is as tall as Jim .
否定句：A + 动词 + not as \\ so+ 形容词原形 + as + B 。
This book is not as \\ so new as that one . I am not so careful as Lucy .
否定句的结构相当于 A + 动词 + less + 形容词原形 + than + B 。 He thinks Chinese is less interesting than English .
4. 表示“A 是B 的几倍”： A +动词+ 倍数+ as + 形容词原形 + as + B 。 Our school is three times as big as theirs . This table is twice as long as that one .
5．“A + 动词 +Half + as + 形容词原形 +as + B”表示“A是B的一半”
Her room is half as big as yours . (五)、形容词比较级的用法：
1．表示两者进行比较时，用形容词比较级：A + 动词+ 形容词比较级 + than + B
Lily’s room is bigger than mine .
This mooncake is nice than that one .
2． 有表示程度的副词a little , a bit , a few , a lot , much , even , still ,
Far , rather , any 等修饰时，用形容词比较级。 I feel even worse now . It is much colder today than before .
3. 表示两者之间“哪一个更、、、”：which \\ who is +形容词比较级, A or B ?
Who is taller , L i Ming or Wang Tao ?
Which sweater is more beautiful , the yellow one or the pink one ? 4. 表示“几倍于、、、、、、”时， 用“A + 动词 + 倍数+比较级 + than + B ” I am three years older than you .
5．表示“两者之间较、、、、、、的一个”，常用 “the +比较级”结构 。 Mary is the taller of the twins .
6. 表示“越来越、、、、、、”时，用比较级重叠结构，即“比较级 +and + 比较级 ”，多音节
词和部分双音节词用“more and more +形容词原形 ” It’s getting warmer and warmer in spring .
Our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful .
7. 表示“越、、、、、、就越、、、、、、”时，用“the +比较级 , the +比较级 ” The harder he works , the richer he is .
The more we get together , the happier we’ll be . (六)、形容词最高级的用法：
1．三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时，用形容词最高级。形容词最高级前必须加定冠词
the , 句末常跟一个in \\ of 短语来表示范围。 He is the strongest of the three boys . Shanghai is the biggest city in china .
2. 表示“三者或三者以上的人或物，哪一个最、、、、、、？”用句型： Which \\ who is + the + 最高级 , A , B , or C ?
Which city is the most beautiful , Beijing , Shanghai or Fuzhou ? 3. 表示“最、、、、、、的、、、、、、之一” 时，用句型：
主语 + is + one of the +形容词最高级 +名词复数 。 Zhou Jielun is one of the most popular singers .
4. 形容词最高级前面可加序数词，表示“第几大 / 长 / 高 等”
Changjiang River is the first longest river in China .
5. 形容词最高级前面可以有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰，此时不用the 。
This is our last lesson . Yesterday was his busiest day . 6. 形容词比较级结构可以表示最高级含义。
Li Lei is the tallest student in his class .
== Li Lei is taller than any other student in his class . == Li Lei is taller than the other students in his class . == Li Lei is taller than anyone else in his class . ==No one is as tall as Li Lei in his class . ==No one is taller than Li Lei in his class .
== Li Lei is taller than any of the other students in his class . == Li Lei is taller than the rest of students in his class . （七）、--ing 形容词与--ed 形容词：
--ing 形容词表示“令人、、、、、、的”， 表示主动意义，多指事物对人的影响，一般修饰或说明事物。如：surprising（令人惊讶的） , exciting （令人兴奋的）, interesting（有趣的） 等。--ed形容词表示“感到、、、、、、的”，表示被动意义，多指人对事物的感受，主语一般是人：sb. + be +--ed 形容词 + 介词短语 。 如：surprised(感到惊讶的) , excited（感到兴奋的） , Interested（感到有趣的） 等。
We are all excited about the exciting news .