（八）在同一范围内比较时，必须把主体排除在被比较的范围之外。
China is larger than any other country in Asia .( 在同一范围内) China is larger than any country in Africa . (在不同范围内)
二、副词：用来说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念，主要修饰动词、形容词、其它副词
或整个句子。
（ 一）．副词的分类：
1．时间副词：now , then , today , tomorrow , yesterday , before , ago , soon , Immediately , lately , early ,sometimes , often , always , usually , already ,
Yet , ever , never , seldom 。时间副词是确定句子时态的重要标志，需牢记。 2．地点副词：outside , inside , upstairs , here , there , home , near , away , In , back , off , up , anywhere 。
3．方式副词：quickly , happily , loudly , suddenly , luckily , badly , easily , fast , again 。方式副词大多由“形容词 +y ”构成。 4．程度副词：very , quite , rather , too , much , so .
5． 疑问副词：when , where , why , how long , how soon , how often , How far . 疑问副词常用来构成特殊疑问句。
6．关系副词：when , where , why , how 等。关系副词常用来引导从句。 （一）副词的用法：
1．作状语，用来修饰动词、形容词、其它副词或整个句子。
Please listen to me carefully . The boy is too young . Luckily , he was not badly hurt .
2. 作表语，表示方位上的变化： My father will be back in a week . 3. 作宾语补足语。 Let him in , please . (三) 副词的位置：
1．一般副词作状语时，放在谓语动词之后，如果谓语动词之后带有宾语，则放在宾语后。
We all study hard . He is drawing a horse carefully .
2. 频度副词作状语时放在be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，行为动词之前。
He is always late for school .
I often go to see my grandparents on Sunday . 3. 某些副词为了强调上下句的衔接，放在句子之前。
Suddenly he had a good idea .
4. enough 修饰形容词或副词时，要放在形容词或副词的后面。 The boy is old enough to go to school . He got up early enough to catch the train . （四） 副词比较级、最高级的用法：
1．副词比较级、最高级的构成方法和形容词比较级、最高级的构成方法基本相同。
2．表示“A不如B”时，使用：A + 助动词+ not + 动词原形 + as \\ so + 副词原形+ as+ B .
还可使用：A + 动词+ less +副词原形 + than + B Bill didn’t do his homework as carefully as Jim . ==Bill did his homework less carefully than Jim . 3. 副词最高级前一般不加定冠词the 。 Lin Tao did best in English of all . （五）易混词辨析：
1. hard , hardly
hard意为“努力地，辛苦地，剧烈地，猛烈地”，是程度副词。 hardly意为“几乎不”，是否定副词。
As students , we should study hard .
I can hardly catch up with you , can you walk slowly ? 2. too , also , either
too一般用于肯定句，常放在句尾；also常放在be动词或助动词之后，行为动词
之前；either用于否定句，常放在句尾。 You are a student . I am a student , too.
They are also students . I don’t like the film , either .
5. too , enough , so
too 表示 “太，很”, too …to … 表示“太、、、、、、而不能、、、、、、” enough表示“足够”， “形容词 / 副词+ enough to…”表示“足够、、、、、、能、、、、、、”。
so表示“如此”， “so … that …”表示“ 如此、、、、、、以致、、、、、、” The man is too old to look after himself . The boy runs fast enough to win the game .
The camera is so expensive that I can’t afford it . 6. already , yet
already用于肯定句，yet用于否定句和疑问句末尾。 I have already finished my homework . == I have finished my homework already.
Have you finished your homework yet ? I haven’t had lunch yet .
Unit5 . What were you doing when the rainstorm came? 一.重要短语和句型 1. arrive at 到达(小地方) arrive in到达(大地方) reach 到达 get to 到达 I arrived in Beijing last night . === I reached Beijing last night . == I got to Beijing last night . 如果宾语是副词here, there, home, 要把at \\ in \\ to省略: arrive here \\ there \\ home get here \\ there \\ home 2. in front of… 在 …… 的前面 (某一范围外的前面) in the front of … 在 …… 的前面(某一范围内的前面) There are some big trees in front of the classroom building . I like sitting in the front of the taxi . 3. take off (1)起飞 When did the plane take off yesterday ? (2) 脱下(衣帽等) He took off his coat as soon as he went into the room . (3) 取消 They will take off the 5 am train . 4. get out (of ) … 从……离开\\出去\\下来 He tried to get out of bed , but couldn’t . A car stopped and a girl got out of it . 但从汽车\\火车\\船\\飞机\\马匹上下来, 用get off … . 5．follow (1) 跟随 I followed him up the hill . 我跟着他上了山. (2) 沿着……前进 Follow this road until you get to the post office . 顺着这条路一直到邮局. (3) 听懂,理解 Could you speak more slowly ? I can’t follow you . (4 )follow sb. to do sth. 跟着某人做某事 Please follow me to read the story . 6. amazing 形容词,修饰名词 令人惊奇的, 令人惊讶的 what an amazing book ! amaze 动词 使某人惊讶 Your letter amazed me . be amazed at … 对…… 感到惊讶 Everyone was amazed at the bad news . 7. shout at 大声喊叫 多指因生气而非善意的大声叫喊 Don’t shout at the little boy . He is too young . shout to 大声喊叫 多指因距离远而不得不大声叫喊 We should shout to him , or he can’t hear us . 8. happen 发生 具体事件偶然的没有预见的发生 (1 ) happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事 I happened to meet one of my old friends in the park yesterday . (2 ) sth happens to sb. 某人发生了某事 An car accident happened to him last month .上个月他发生了交通事
故.
take place发生 (1) 按计划进行或按计划发生
Great changes have taken place in China in recent years . 最近几年中国发生了巨大的变化. (2 ) (运动\\ 活动\\会议等) 举行
The meeting will take place next Friday . take the place of 代替, 取代
Plastics can sometimes take the place of wood and metal . 塑料有时能代替木材和金属.
take one’s place 坐某人的位置, 代替某人的职务. Come to take my place . my seat is near the window . 9. anywhere 任何地方 常用于否定句或疑问句中.
Did you go anywhere last night ? You can’t get it anywhere . somewhere 某个地方 用于肯定句
come and see me . Then we’ll go out somewhere . everywhere 处处, 到处 === here and there
I can’t find my pen though I looked for it everywhere\\ here and there . 10. silence 名词, 寂静 \\ 无声
There’s nothing but silence in the room . 屋内寂静无声 . Keep in silence . 保持沉默. silent 形容词, 沉默的, 寂静的
The old house was quite silent . 这所老房子寂静无声. The cat moved on silent feet . 那只猫无声地走动着.
11． hear 听到 Can you hear someone knocking at the door ?
(1) hear of 听说 , 后接表示人或物的词
I have never heard of him before . 我以前从来没有听说过他. ( 2 ) hear about 听说, 后接表示事件的名词
I’ve just heard about his illness .我刚刚听说他生病的事. Have you heard about the accident ? 你听说了那场事故吗?
(3 ) hear from 收到某人的来信
I heard from my daughter in New York yesterday . 我昨天收到在纽约的女儿的来信.
12. 主语 + be + one of the + 形容词最高级 + 复数名词 + in \\ of 短语 . …… 是……中最……的……之一.
This was one of the most important events in modern American history . 这是美国历史上最重要的事件之一.
Shanghai is one of the most beautiful cities in china .
13. experience (1)名词 经验, 不可数名词 ; 经历, 体验, 可数名词 Have you had any experience of fishing ? 你有钓鱼的经验吗? Could you tell us about your experiences in Africa ? 你能给我们谈谈你在非洲的经历吗? (2) 动词 经历, 感觉 The children experienced many difficulties this time . 这次孩子们经历了许多 困难. experienced 形容词 有经验的 be experienced in \\at doing sth. == have much experience in \\ at doing sth. 做某事很有经验. She is an experienced teacher .他是一个经验丰富的教师. He is very experienced in \\at repairing cars . 他修车很有经验. 14. as … as … 和…… 一样… . 两个as之间用形容词或副词的原形. He works as carefully as she . 他和她一样工作认真. She is as tall as her mother . 她和母亲一样高. not as … as…. 不如某人… he isn’t as \\ so old as he looks . 他不像看起来那么老. She doesn’t run as \\ so fast as her brother .她不如她哥哥跑得那么快. 15. have fun == have a good\\ great\\ wonderful time ==enjoy oneself玩得开心,过得愉快 Did you have fun at the party ? == Did you have a good\\ great \\ wonderful time ? == Did you enjoy yourself ? have fun doing sth.开心做某事 I’m just having fun playing the guitar . 16． accident 事故, 意外遭遇 He was killed in an accident .他死于一起意外事故. traffic accident 交通事故 Many people die in traffic accidents every year . by accident 偶然, 意外地 We met at the airport by accident . 17． scared 恐惧的, 害怕的 afraid恐惧的, 害怕的 I’m very scared \\ afraid . 我很害怕. be scared \\ afraid of sth 害怕某物 Are you scared \\ afraid of snakes ? be scared \\ afraid to do sth害怕做某事 He is scared \\ afraid to go out at night . be scared \\ afraid of doing sth害怕做某事 He is scared \\ afraid of going out at night . 18. think about 考虑 (某个计划 ) They are thinking about moving to Beijing . think of 认为 What do you think of the movie ? === how do you like the movie ?