定语从句(3)

2019-03-11 14:07

是错误的。可以选D,是因为空白处填了 which 之后,后一句即成了一个非限制性的定语从句,前一句即为主句,整个句子即为一个复合句。比较以下各句:

(1) He wrote a lot of books, and most of them were popular. 句中用了并列连词,整个句子为并列句。

(2) He wrote a lot of books, most of which were popular.

后一句用了 which,使之成为定语从句,整个句子为复合句。 (3) He wrote a lot of books, most of them being popular.

后一句用了非谓语动词 being,故逗号处不用并列连词,整个句子为简单句。

关系副词why用法说明

关系副词why主要用于修饰表示原因的名词(主要是the reason),同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如:

We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。 She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。

与关系副词when和where不同,why可以换成that或省略。如:

That’s one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come. 这就是我请你来的原因之一。 另外,与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样,why只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句。如:

他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。

误:The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank. 正:The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.

关系副词where用法归纳

关系副词when主要用于修饰表示地点的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如: This is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村子。

That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。 Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus. 巴巴拉在奥伯里工作,每天得坐公共汽车去上班。

与前面when的情况一样,注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词,就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句,同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作地点状语,就用where;如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语,而是用作主语或宾语,那就不能用where,而要用that, which等。如:

He works in a factory that [which] makes TV sets. 他在一家电视机厂工作。 关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作主语。

另外注意,where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如:

We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。 There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下,mighty一词可用作副词。

He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。

I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。

关系副词when用法说明

关系副词when主要用于修饰表示时间的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如: There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作出抉择的时候到了。 Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。

We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期,那时天气可能会好一点。

注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词,就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句,同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作时间状语,就用when;如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语,而是用作主语或宾语,那就不能用when,而要用that, which等。如:

Don’t forget the time (that, which) I’ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。

关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语,正因为是用作宾语,所以也可以省略。

of whom和of which用法归纳

1. of表示同位关系:即用于在A+of+B结构,其中的A和B为同位关系。如: Her sons, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week. 她的两个儿子,都在国外工作,他们每周都给她打电话来。

We’ve tested three hundred types of boot, none of which is completely waterproof. 我们已经测试过300种靴子,没有一种是完全防水的。

2. of表示整体与部分的关系:即用于“部分+of+整体(which, whom)”结构。如: He went with a group of people, few of whom were correctly equipped for such a climb. 他和一队人一起去了,其中没有几个人配有进行这样一次登山的适当装备。

The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人,它们被愤怒的人群包围着。

I met the fruit-pickers, several of whom were university students. 我遇到了摘水果的人们,其中有几个人是大学生。

3. of表示所属关系:即of用于构成所有格。如:

He’s written a book the name of which I’ve forgotten. 他写了一本书,书名我给忘了。 The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired. 那幢屋顶被损坏的房子现在已经修好了。

4. of与其他的词构成固定搭配:即of与从句中的某个词语构成固定搭配。如: He’s married to a singer of whom you may have heard. 他与一位歌唱家结了婚,你可能听说过这个人。(介词of与动词hear构成固定搭配,意为“听说”)

注意:介词of后面除接关系代词which, whom外,有时也可能是whose。如: She had a teddy-bear, both of whose eyes were missing. 她有一个玩具熊,它的两只眼睛都丢了。

谈谈分离型定语从句

所谓语分离型定语从句,主要指的是定语从句与它所修饰的先行词之间被其他词隔开的情形。分离型定语从句主要有以下两种类型:

1. 先行词与定语从句被状语隔开。如:

He found the dictionary there he was looking for. 他在那儿找到了他在找的词典。

I saw something in the paper which might interest you. 我在报上看到一样可能使你感兴趣的东西。

2. 将定语从句置于句末。如:

Something was going to happen that was to change the world. 当时有件事就要发生,这件事将改变世界的面貌。

A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天要来一位新的老师教你们德语了。

The day will come when we will all have robots. 人人都有机器人的时代,总有一天会来临的。

注意,分离定语从句的使用主要是出于平衡句子结构或强调的原因,并且使用这类结构必须以句子不至于产生歧义为前提,否则就不要使用这类句子。如:

He hid the gun in the cellar which his wife found.

这个句子是有岐义的:如果认为定语从句which his wife found是修饰the cellar,则句子意思为:他把枪藏在他妻子发现的地下室里。如果认为定语从句which his wife found是修饰the gun(属分离修饰),则句子意思为:他把妻子发现的枪藏在地下室里。

限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

1. 基本区别

根据定语从句与先行词的关系,可将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一般说来,限制性定语从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分,如果省略会影响全句的主要思想,这种定语从句前面一般不用逗号;而非限制性定语从句则只是主句的一种补充说明,即即使去掉,也不会影响全句的主要思想,这种定语从句前通常有逗号隔开。如:

This is the book that you want. 这就是你要的那本书。

句中的you want为限制性定语从句,如果去掉,意思就不清楚。

He bought me a book, which was very useful. 他给我买了一本书,非常有用。

句中的which was very useful为非限制性定语从句,如果去掉,句子意思仍是清楚的。 2. 关系词的区别

关系代词that和关系副词why通常只用于引导限制性定语从句,不用于引导非限制性定语从句。如:

她收到了老板的邀请,这是她意想不到的。

误:She received an invitation from her boss, that came as a surprise. 正:She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。

误:The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank. 正:The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.

另外,在限制性定语从句中,关系代词which用作宾语时,如果不是紧跟在介词之后,通常可以省略;但在非限制性定语从句中,不管在什么情况下均不可省略关系代词which。

3. 用法注意

当一个名词已由其他词语作了完整的表述,这个名词后则不宜再用限制限制性从句,而应改用非限制性定语从句。如:

我去看买的房子有一个很漂亮的花园。

误:My house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden. 正:My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 若要用限制性定语从句,则应将物主代词my改为the,即说成: The house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden.

4. 补充说明

非限制性定语从句有时形式上是从句,实质上其功用相当于一个并列的分句。如: He said he had no money, which was not true. 他说他没有钱,这不是实话。(which相当于but it)

Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. 后来他遇到玛丽,玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。(who相当于and she)

My father may have to go into hospital, in which case won’t be going on holiday. 我父亲可能需要住院,如果那样他就不去度假了。(in which case相当于and in that case)

关系词、关系代词与关系副词

用于引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词根据其词性的不同,可分为关系代词和关系副词。引导定语从句的关系词既起连接先行词与定语从句的作用,同时又在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。


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