phenology / f?’n?l?d?? / n．物候学neighbor（u）rhood n．近邻；邻近地区 注释：1．life cycle：生命周期，即生物发展过程的系列变化。
2．hyper-local beat：beat在此做名词用，意思是：某类新闻报道，如a business beat：商业专题报道。这是近年来出现的新词。hyper-local beat即hyper-local news，指的是被传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区或居民居住区里发生的相关信息报道。在美国由此而诞生了hyper- local news websites，专门对主流媒体没有覆盖的地区所发生的事件进行报道，其形式多以网民，即短文中所提及的citizen journalists，上传所在社区发生的事件报道、照片或视频为主。这是网络时代产生的又一种新生事物。
3．data是复数形式，但常用作单数，所以这里的代词是it。另参见最后一段：“As we collect this data…”这里的data也用作单数。
4．phenology：物候学或生物气候学，是气候学和生态学的边缘学科，主要研究气候环境对生物的影响。
5．communities ：生态学词汇：生物群落，即在比较相似的环境条件下在特定自然区域或环境中生活和相互影响的一群植物和动物。
练习：
1．Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need them A to provide their personal life cycles.B to observe the life cycle of plants. C to collect data of the life cycle of living things. D to teach children knowledge about climate change. 2．What are citizen scientists asked to do?
A To develop a specific research interest and become professional scientists. B To send their research observations to a professional database. C To increase their knowledge about climate change. D To keep a record of their research observations.
3．In “All that's needed to become one ... （paragraph2）”, what does the word \one\
A A citizen journalist.B A citizen scientist. C A scientist.D A citizen.
4．What is NOT true of Project Bud Burst?
A Only experts can participate in it.B Everybody can participate in it. C It collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants. D It has its own website.
5．What is the final purpose of Project Bud Burst? A To study when plants will have their first buds. B To find out the types of plants in the neighborhood.
C To collect life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States.
D To investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changes 答案与题解：1．C 第一段和第二段第一句告诉我们，要在世界范围观察气候对大自然中生物的生命周期的影响，数量有限的科学家不可能足迹遍及天下，为此科学家求助于普通公民的参与。所以C是正确选择。
2．B 第二段第三句中encourage ordinary people to observe · · ·的主语是The citizen scientist movement,即公民参与科学观察的运动。所以D不是正确选择。A和C不符合文章的句意，因此也不是正确的选择。这个句子的大意是：这一运动鼓励普通公民根据自己的兴趣爱好进行科学观察，并将观察结果送交数据库，让专门领域的科学家作进一步的观察。B正确表达了这个意思。
3．B one在这里是一个代词，其前置词是citizen scientists,而不是citizen
journalists,这里的one指的是one of citizen scientists。所以，A、C和D都不是正确选择。这个句子的意思是，只要每天或每星期花上几分钟收集数据并发送出去，就能成为一个公民科学家。
4．A 文章最后一段说，这个计划向所有的人开放（open to everyone）,所以应选择A。B、C、D所述内容都在该段中提到。
5．D C表述的内容是Project BudBurst所要做的工作，但其最终目的不仅仅是收集数据，而是研究气候变化对生物生命周期的影响。因此，D才是正确选择。 第三篇公民科学家
理解大自然对气候变化有怎样的反应需要监视世界各个角落的关键生命周期事件——花开、叶子的出现、第一只青蛙叫出春天的到来。但是生态学家不可能去到世界的各个角落，所以他们向非科学家求助，这些非科学家有时也被称作公民科学家。
气象科学家不可能足迹遍及天下。因为在世界上有如此多的地方，没有足够的科学家来观察它们。所以他们请求你来帮助观察全世界气候变化的迹象。公民科学家运动鼓励普通人根据自己的兴趣来观察某一个特定的方面——鸟儿、树木、花卉等等一一并把他们的观察结果发送到一个巨大的数据库来供专业科学家研究。这有助于数量有限的科学家得到如果只靠他们自己根本收集不到的巨大数据。就像公民记者帮助报道传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区
的相关信息一样，公民科学家也对他们所居住的环境很熟悉。所需要的就是每天或每周留出儿分钟来搜集数据并发送过来。
一群科学家和教育家在去年发起了一个叫做纽约国家物候学的组织。“物候学”就是科学家们所说的在自然中研究每个事件的时间。
其中一个小组的首要尝试就是依靠科学家和非科学家来收集关于每年植物开花和长叶子的数据。这一项目叫做花季追踪计划，它收集遍布美国的各种各样的植物生长周期的数据。参与这一项目的人们一一这一计划对所有人开放——把他们的观察记录登录在花季追踪计划网站上。
“人们不需要是植物学家——他们仅仅需要环视四周看看周围有什么。”Jennifer Schwarts说，她是这项计划的教育顾问。“通过收集数据，我们就能够估算出气候变化对植物和生物群落会有怎样的影响。
第四篇：Motoring Technology
1.2 million road deaths worldwide occur each year, plus a further 50 million injuries. To reduce car crash rate, much research now is focused on safety and new fuels一though some electric vehicle and biofuel1 research aims at going faster.
Travelling at speed has always been risky. One cutting edge area2 of research in motoring safety is the use of digital in-car assistants3. They can ensure you don’t miss crucial road signs or fall asleep. The use of artificial intelligence software allows these assistants to monitor your driving and makes sure your phone or radio doesn’t distract you at a vital moment. Most crashes result from human and not mechanical faults. Some safety developments aim to improve your vision. Radar can spot4 obstacles in fog, while other technology “sees through” high-sided5 vehicles blocking your view6. And improvements to seat belts, pedal controls and tyres are making driving
smoother and safer. The colour of a car has been found to be linked with safety, as have, less surprisingly, size and shape7.
And alternatives to fossil-fuel8 based petrol, such as plant oils, are a hot area of research. Fuel cells9 based on hydrogen bum cleanly, and are the subject of a serious research effort.
But whatever is in the fuel tank, you don’t want a thief in the driving seat and there have been many innovations, some using satellite tracking and remote
communications10, to fight against car theft. These communication systems can also come into play11 if you crash, automatically calling for help.
Accidents cause many traffic jams, but there are more subtle interplays between vehicles that can cause jams even on a clear but busy road. Such jams can be analysed using statistical tools. Robotic drivers could be programmed to make traffic flow smoothly and will perhaps one day be everyone’s personal chauffeur, but their latest efforts suggest that won’t be soon.
词汇：distract / d?’str?kt/ v．使……分心，使……分散注意力 hydrogen / ’ha?dr?d??n/ n．氢radar / ’re?dɑ:r / n．雷达
innovation / ’?n?(?)’ve???n/ n．革新，创新pedal / ’pedl / n．制动踏板 interplay / ’?ntz?ple?t / n．相互影响;相互作用fossil-fuel n．矿物燃料 chauffeur / ’???f?(r), ???’f?:(r)/ n．（受雇于私人的）汽车司机
注释：1．biofuel：生物燃料。bio-用于名词或形容词前,表示“生命”或“生物”。 2．cutting edge area：最先进的领域。edge: an advantage（优势）
3．in-car assistants：车内辅助设施4．spot：在此作动词用，意思是“看见”。
5．high-sided：髙大的;其反义词为low-sided：矮小的。 6．blocking your view：挡住你的视线
7．The colour of a car has been found to be linked with safety, as have, less
surprisingly, size and shape：人们发现车的颜色与安全有关，令人不感到惊讶的是，车的大小和形状也与安全有关。as have, less surprisingly, size and shape可以理解为as, less surprisingly, size and shape have been linked with safety 。
8．fossil fuel：指煤、石油、天然气等矿物燃料。 9．fuel cell：燃料电池
10．satellite tracking and remote communications ：卫星跟踪和远程通信 11．come into play：起作用 练习：
1．What are researchers interested in doing as the road accidents worldwide increase to a shocking rate?
A They are developing faster electric vehicles.
B They are analyzing road deaths occurring worldwide every year. C They focus their research on safety and new fuels. D They are designing fully automatic cars.
2．According to the second paragraph, most road accidents happen
A because drivers fall asleep.B because drivers make mistakes.C because of engine failureD because of speeding.
3．Which of the safety developments is NOT mentioned in the passage? A Radars that can help drivers to see obstacles in fog. B Devices that can help drivers to see through big vehicles. C Improvements in seat belts, pedal controls and tyres. D Windscreens that can help drivers to improve their vision.
4．What is NOT the purpose of innovations that use satellite tracking and remote communications?
A To prevent car thieves from getting into your car. B To call for help when one’s car crashes.
C To call for help when the car gets jammed in the traffic. D To track the car down when it is being stolen. 5．What is true of robotic drivers?
A It will take some time before robotic drivers can be put to practical use. B Robotic drivers are not allowed to drive on busy roads.
C Robotic drivers can never replace human drivers. D Robotic drivers are too expensive to use.
1．C文章第一段的意思是：在世界范围内，每年发生120万起交通死亡事故，加上5 000万起伤残事故，因此，正在进行的许多研究的重点是安全问题和新燃料问题，尽管一些电动车和生物燃料的研究旨在达到更快的速度。所以，C是正确选项。
2．B第二段最后一句说，大多数汽车撞车事故是人为原因造成的，而不是机械故障的原因。所以C是错误选项；A和D中的fall asleep和speeding是人为原因，但只是部分人为因素，不能概全。
3．D文章中没有提到windscreens（汽车挡风玻璃），所以D是正确选项。其他几项均在文中提到。
4．C根据第六段内容，使用卫星跟踪和遥控通信方面的革新，其目的是防盗（A和D）和发生事故时求援（B）。C的内容在文中没有被提到，所以是正确选项。
5．A文章最后一段说，为机器人司机编制程序后，它们就能使交通变得通畅，也许今后某一天，大家都拥有机器人司机，但是，这一天的到来还有待时日。B、C、D的内容在文中均没有提到；A句说，要实际使用机器人司机还需时日，这显然与末段最后一句表达的意思相吻合。
每年，全世界有120万起路面交通死亡事故，以及五千万起路面交通伤残事故。为降低车祸发生率，现在有很多研究将注意力放在行车安全和开发新型燃料上。而有些关于电动机车和生物燃料的研究旨在达到更快的速度。
高速驾驶一向是很危险的。一项在机动车安全前沿领域的研究是有关车内数字化辅助设施的。这些设施会确保司机们不会错过重要的路况指示牌或在开车时睡着。通过运用人工智能软件，这些辅助设施可监控行车过程并确保在关键时刻司机不会被手机或广播干扰注意力。许多车祸是由人为原因造成的而非机械故障。
一些行车安全方面的改进力图改善司机的视野。雷达可对雾中的障碍物定位，而其他的科技手段可透过阻碍你视线的高大车辆看到前方。
对安全带、刹车板控制和车胎的改进也使行车过程变得更顺畅、安全。人们发现车的颜色与安全有关，令人不会感到惊讶的是，车的大小和形状也与安全有关。
从矿物燃料中提取的汽油的替代物，例如植物油，也是研究中的一个热门区域。取材于氢气的燃料电池燃烧时无污染，并已成为一项重要研究的攻克对象。
但不管燃料箱中盛为何物，你可不想在驾驶座上坐的是一个窃贼。对此，也有很多创新来打击汽车盗窃，其中一些运用了卫星跟踪和远程通讯。当发生车祸时，这些通讯系统也可起作用，自动地呼叫帮助。
交通事故可引发许多交通堵塞。但在一畅通却繁忙的路段上，汽车间也有很多的细微互动，从而导致可能的阻塞。此类阻塞可用数据统计工具来进行分析。被编程的机器人可使交通流动更顺畅，并有朝一日有望成为每个人的私家司机。但最新成果表明这种设想并非短期内可以实现
第七篇：Late-night Drinking
Coffee lovers beware. Having a quick “pick-me-up” cup of coffee1 late in the day will play havoc with2 your sleep. As well as being a stimulant, caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin, the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.