Strategies play a critical role in the election. Strategy is critical in the presidential election.
4.为了争取选票，总统候选人特别关注那些重要的州。
To win the presidency, a candidate is particularly concerned with winning the states which are important.
In order to get the votes, presidential candidates are concerned with those important states.
5.美国有十几个政党，其中只有两个党是主要党。
There are about a dozen political parties in America, only two of which are major parties.
UNIT 10-3
1.Victory in the eleven （large） states alone would provide an electoral majority. （99.10）
答案：largest。此题主要考查 large 的最高级。
2.Even Democrat George McGovern, had the lowest level of party support among recent
Nominees, was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his party's voters. （99.10） A.who B.whose C.that D.which
答案：A. who 引导的非限定性定语从句。
3.汉译英：这与其说取决于候选人的个人特点不如说取决于外部因素。（00.4） 答案：This depends on external factors rather than on a candidate's personal characteristics.
4.In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush's approval rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling （begin） in the 1930s. （00.10）
答案：began。此题考查过去时，因为有一个明显的过去时间状语―in the 1930s‖。
5.Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed so as to the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other. （01.4） A.make it possible B.make possible C.make possibly D.make it possibly 答案：B.本题中 make 的宾语太长，所以放到了宾补 possible 的后面。―make …possible‖ 表示―使…成为可能‖。
6.In deciding a course of action, the candidate tried to estimate its likely impact on the voters. （02.4） A.what to pursue
B.which to pursue C.whether to pursue D.if to pursue
答案：C.分析：所要填的空是 deciding 的宾语。而 pursue 后面的宾语是 a course of action。 选项 A ―what to pursue‖, what 是宾语。选项 B 中，which 也是作主语或宾 语。选项 D. 语法结构不对，因此选 C.
7.A major-party nominee has the critical advantage in the campaign for the
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presidential election he has the support from the party faithful. （ 03 ， 10 ）
A.in that B.in which C.for which D.for that 答案：A ―在于‖（复合连词表示原因）
Trans lation
1. 众所周知，美国总统选举每四年一次。
答： It is well known that pres idential elections occur in the United States every 4 years .
2. 克林顿那时始终把竞选的注意力集中在国家缓慢发展的经济上。
答： At that time Clinton always kept the campaign focused on the nation‘s s low-developing economy.
3. 候选人都想尽力表现出一种强有力的领袖形象。
答： Candidate try to project a strong leaders hip image. 4. 选民们是否接受这一形象更取决于外在因素。 答案
答：Whether voters accept this image depends more on external factors . 5. 候选人特别关注如何在人口最多那些州获胜。
答： Candidates are particularly concerned with how to win the states which have th e largest population .
UNIT 11-1
一、word study
replace,litter,refine,reproduce ① replace vt.1、把。。。放回（原处），使恢复（原职）；2、更换，以。。。替代 The airline is currently replacing its DC10s w ith DC Super 80s.
这家航空公司正在用 DC 超 80 飞机取代 DC10 飞机。
Please replace the new spaper after reading. 报纸阅后请放回原处。 ② litter n.1、（供动物睡眠或植物防冻的）干草；2、杂乱无章；3、（猫狗等）一窝（仔畜）；4、【总 称】乱丢的东西（尤指废纸等杂物） vt.1、为（动物）铺草；2、（多产动物）产（仔）；3、乱丢
The boxes are filled w ith litter for the small animals to live in. 箱子里铺满干草以便小动物能够在里边住。
The children picked up all the litter on the playground.
孩子们把乱扔在操场上的废纸等杂物都拾了起来。 I w as surprised to see his room in such a litter. 我看到他的房间如此乱七八糟感到惊讶。 Please don‘t litter. 请不要乱丢东西。
Please don‘t litter the room. 请不要在屋里乱扔东西。
Please don‘t litter w aste papers round the room..
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请不要在屋里乱扔废纸。
③ refine vt.1、提纯，精制；2、使精美，使完善
They have built a factory to refine cane sugar.
他们建了一个提炼蔗糖的工厂。 He has refined his manners. 他已使自己的举止仪态变得高雅完美。
Reporters tried to refine their questions to draw their expected response. 记者们力图把问题提得巧妙，以便引起他们所期望的答复。 ④ reproduce vt.1、繁殖；2、再生产，再生长（器官）；3、复制；4、再现，重现 There are animals which can reproduce a lost part of their bodies. 有些动物能使身体上失去的某部分再生。
Frogs reproduce themselves by laying eggs. 青蛙通过产卵繁殖。
A tape-recorder w ill reproduce your lecture. 录音机将放出你的讲课录音。
He reproduced the painting by photography. 他通过照相复制了那副油画。
The conditions that existed ten years ago are reproduced today. 十年前的情形今天又重现了。 二、常考句型
1、使用动物对于发展麻醉学具有至关重要的作用。P2
The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics. 2、用动物进行研究与我们的健康无关，它产生的后果常常起误导作用。P4
Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results.
3、人和动物对药物的反应不同，身体作用的方式也不同。P4
People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs and in the way their bodies work.
4、如果把还没有在动物身上彻底实验过的药物用在人身上，那是完全不负责任和不道德的。P5 It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been
thoroughly tested on animals.
UNIT 11-2
5、计算机模型的最终目的是减少用作实验对象的动物数量。P6
The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.
6、现在已有很多别的新技术，使更多的研究能在试管里进行，以便发现化学药品是否产生 有害的生物效果。P7
Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube to see if chemicals produce harmful biological effects.
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7、用于实验室实验的动物数量在过去 20 年中已经减少。P8
The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years. 8、这部分地是由于采用替代的方法，部分地是由于实验比以前设计的更好，所以需要的动 物就少了。P8
This is partly due to alternatives and partly to the fact that experiments are better designed so fewer need to be used.
9、该系的大卫莫顿教授正在进行动物研究，他热心于尽可能地减少动物的痛苦。P9
Professor David Morton of the department is involved in animal research and is concerned with reducing animal suffering as much as possible. 10、这包括把它们豢养在更符合要求的笼子里。P9
This includes keeping them in more suitable cages. include 后面接动名词作宾语。 11、在美国，进行一次神经再生实验要在老鼠腿上切掉一大段神经。P10
In the US,one experiment in nerve regeneration involves cutting a big nerve in a rat‘s leg .
12、例如当研究心脏病和它对身体的影响时，或者当研究大脑疾病时，我们没有充分的代用 品来代替动物。P12
When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body, we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals. When it comes to 当提到…的时候 三、习题
1.动物研究对人类医学的发展做出了重大的贡献。
Animal research has made great contributions to human medical development. Animal research has contributed a great deal to the development of human medicine. 2.动物研究是否与人体健康有关，人们持不同态度。
People have different ideas about whether animal research is relevant to human health.
3 用于实验的动物数量在过去二十年中已大大减少了。
The number of animals used in experiments has declined greatly over the past 20 years.
研究的新成果表明，少数实验可以放弃使用动物。
4.The new research findings show that a few experiments can be done w ithout using animals. The new development in research has show n that a small proportion of tests can be donew ithout using animals.
5.尽管医学技术越来越先进，但完全停止使用动物做实验仍然很远。
Although medical techniques are becoming more advanced, stopping testing on animals altogether is a long w ay aw ay.
Although medical technique becomes more and more advanced, stopping testing on animals altogether is a long w ay aw ay. 四、历年试题
1. The number of animals used in laboratory tests __(decline) over the last 20 yea rs. (99.10)
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答案： has declined 。 考点：本句中 over the last 20 years 是明显的表示现在完成时的 时间状语。因此本句用现在完成时。
2. To assume the care for the pets can help bring the__ humanity in our children and even in us adults. (99.10)
A. about B. in C. out D. up 答案
答案： C 。考点： 本题主要考查词组 bring out 表示―使显示，显现；生产，使产生‖
UNIT 11-3
3. It is touching to see how a cat or dog – especially a dog – itself to family a nd wants to share in all its goings and comings. (00.4)
A. attributes B. applies C. assigned D. attaches
答案： D 。考点：本题主要考查词组 attach … to 表示―把 … 附加到，使 … 与 … 相关‖。 4. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals_ _(use) in e xperiments many decrease. (00.10)
答案： used 。考点：本题主要考查 used 过去分词 做定语修饰 animals 。
5. Some people think that animal research is irrelevant_ _our health and that it c an often produce misleading results. (01.4) A. with B. at C. on D. to
答案： D 。本题主要考查词组 be irrelevant to 表示―与 … 不相关‖。 6. 汉译英：他的肤色与他是否是个好教授没有关系。
答案：The color of his skin is irrelevant to whether he is a good professor or not 7. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used in exper iments may decrease, but stopping__ _(test) on animals altogether is a long way aw ay.
答案： testing 。本题主要考查词组 stop doing sth. 停止做某事。 Translation 1. 有人认为用动物进行实验根本没有必要。
答： There are those who think the test on animals are simply unnecessary. 2. 人和动物对药物的反应并不相同。
答： People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs. 3. 新技术使我们容易找到代替动物实验的方法。
答： New technology makes it easy for us to find alternative methods of testing on animals.
4. 正是狗教会我们忠诚和奉献，而猫却对此一无所知。
答： It is the dog who can teach us lessons of loyalty and devotion that no cat eve r knows.
5. 照料小猫们有助于培养孩子的人情味。
答： Caring for cats can help bring out the humanity in children.
UNIT 12-1
一、word study
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