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receives the same treatment. National health care, improved public schools, universal national service and government financing of nearly all election campaigns, which would freeze out special-interest money 梩here are the unobjectionable components of his enlarged public sphere.
Kaus is right to fear the hardening of class lines, but wrong to think the stresses can be relieved without a continuing effort to boost income for the bottom half. \at climbing up the ladder. And we can offer them respect. \And what might they offer back? The Bronx had a rude cheer for it. A good chunk of the Democratic core constituency would probably peel off.
At the center of Kaus' book is a thoughtful but no less risky proposal to dynamite welfare.
He rightly understands how fear and loathing of the chronically unemployed underclass have encouraged middle- income Americans to flee from everyone below them on the class scale. The only way to eliminate welfare dependency, Kaus maintains, is by cutting off checks for all able- bodied recipients, including single mothers with children. He would have government provide them instead with jobs that pay slightly less than the minimum wage, earned-income tax credits to nudge them over the poverty line, drug counselling, job training and, if necessary, day care for their children.
Kaus doesn' t sell this as social policy on the cheap. He expects it would cost up to $ 59 billion a year more than the $ 23 billion already spent annually on welfare in the U. S. And he knows it would be politically perilous, because he suggests paying for the plan by raiding Social Security funds and trimming benefits for upper-income retirees. Yet he considers it money well spent if it would undo the knot of chronic poverty and help foster class rapprochement. And it would be too. But one advantage of being an author is that you only ask people to listen to you, not to vote for you. 36. According to Mickey Kaus, which of the following is NOT true?
A. Methods like evading income tax or providing more chances for job training might help reduce the existing inequality. B. The Democratic Party is spreading propaganda that they could regain the lost paradise. C. Americans once had a period of time when they could obtain middle-class status easily.
D. Income inequality results from the fact that society needs more and more workers who have a high skill and a good education. 37. In Kaus' opinion
A. the government should strive to realize equality in everybody' s income
B. the government should do its best to bring every American into the middle class C. the goal will be easier to attain if we change it from money equality to civic equality
D. it' s almost impossible for the government to provide such things as national health care, improved public schools, universal national service, etc. 38. Kaus has realized that
A. real equality cannot be achieved if the poor cannot increase their income
B. his idea will probably meet with disapproval from the supporters of the Democratic Party C. only the Bronx might cheer for his theory
D. the division of social strata has become increasingly conspicuous 39. The proposal as offered by Kaus
A. will increase the fear and loathing of the unemployed underclass by cutting off checks for all able-bodied recipients B. will. drastically increase the income taxes for taxpayers
C. is supposed to help establish reconciliation between the poor and the rich though the gap may be unbridgeable D. is too costly to be carried out 40. The title of the review suggests
A. giving the poor more financial aid and more job opportunities
B. a fundamental Change in the goal which the Democratic Party uses to appeal to Americans C. the elimination of the unfair distribution of social wealth among Americans D. a modification of the objective to make it more securable PART V SPEED READING (10min)
In this section there are seven passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on the Coloured Answer Sheet.
TEXT F is a newspaper article. Skim it quickly to answer question 41. 41. The most appropriate headline for this newspaper article would be A. Unemployment and sharing of jobs
B. Job sharing 梐n innovation in employment C. Advantages and disadvantages of job sharing D. Work-sharing: half a job is better than none
What exactly is job-sharing? The Equal Opportunities Commission defines as \
whereby two people voluntarily share the responsibility of one full-time position. \between the two sharers. Each person' s terms and conditions of employment are pro-rata those of a full-timer. If each works at least 15 hours a week then they enjoy certain employment rights that ordinary part-time workers do not have.
Part-timers usually earn less per hour than a full-timer, have fewer fringe benefits and less job security. They have virtually no career prospects. Employers often think that working part-time means that a person has no ambitions and so offer no chance of promotion.
But job-sharing bridges that gap and offers the chance of interesting work to people who can only work part-time and that does not mean just married women. As Adrienne Broyle of \梖ormerly the London Job-sharing Project 梡oints out: \they want to job-share and so have more free time. \children. It allows people to study at home in their free time, and means that disabled people or those who otherwise stay at home to look after them, can work. Job-sharing is also an ideal way for people to ease into retirement. \
Many employers are wary of new work schemes, but a survey carried out by the EOC shows that they can profit in various ways from sharing. If one sharer is away sick, at least half the job continues to be done. Skilled workers who cannot work full-time can bring years of experience to a job.
One job-sharer in the EOC survey said \flat out without a tea break. \workers can complement one another' s skills.
But there are financial drawbacks for the job-sharer.
If you become unemployed you should be eligible for Unemployment Benefit. But you have to sign, on as being available for full-time work. So those who
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chose to job-share because they could not work full-time cannot claim the benefit unless they are prepared to sign on for full-time employment.
Pensions are a big stumbling block. Many job-sharers may be ineligible to join company pension schemes. The EOC paper points out that the Local Government Superannuation Scheme excludes people who work under 30 hours a week.
For those who are attracted to job-sharing as a way of easing into retirement, beware. Most occupational pension schemes are based either on the average annual earnings during membership of the scheme, or on the employee' s final salary.
In the latter case, it could mean that a person who has worked for 15 years full-time, and job- share for the next five years for the same firm, will receive a very much smaller pension than if she or he had worked those last five years full-time. TEXT G is an article from a newspaper. Skim it quickly to answer questions 42 to 43. 42: People in Britain were furious at the discovery that A. Blunt retired as Queen Elizabeth' s art curator
B. members of Parliament did not know Blunt was a former Soviet spy C. Blunt was allowed to work for British intelligence during World War it D. Blunt had gone unpunished for years
43. Anthony Blunt packed his belongings and left his fashionable flat because A. had been stripped of knighthood
B. had been informed of the disclosure beforehand C. had passed British secrets to Russia
D. had once served as Queen Elizabeth' s art curator
Britons are fuming over the disclosure that its government knowingly let a former Soviet spy live for years at the upper level of London society.
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher told Parliament on November 15 that Sir Anthony Blunt, 72, had passed British secrets to Russia during World War II but received immunity from prosecution in 1964 in return for his confession and a pledge to cooperate with security authorities. He retired only last year as Queen Elizabeth' s art curator. Even Lord Home, who was Prime Minister when Blunt confessed, claimed to be startled by the news. Members of Parliament demanded to know how such information could be denied not just to the public but also the Britain' s leaders.
Blunt' s unmasking followed publication of a book about three Britons who led to Russia after spying for the Soviets朑uy Burgess, Donald Maclean and K. Phillby. The book reported a \
Citizens were outraged that Blunt had gone unpunished for so long. Said London' s Daily Mail: \overpowering. \
The Tunes said Blunt never should have been allowed to work for Britain intelligence during Would War u because \and a homosexual, both of which characteristics are normally regarded as grounds of unsuitability for such work ' A day before Thatcher revealed his secret and the Queen stripped him of knighthood, Blunt packed his bags and left his stylish apartment. Many Britons were convinced he had fled after being tipped off by an \
TEXT H is an advertisement. Skim it quickly to answer question 44. 44. what is advertised for sale? A. Houses. B. Seatbelts.
C. Accident insurance. D. Cars. You enjoy
We reinforce the value of our cars with bodies that are protective as well as attractive. And you enjoy peace of mind. Not just you, as a driver. But you, as a member of a society that is increasingly concerned about safety issues. Because we share that concern, we are committed to responsible product qualities. In the new Bluebird, for example, responsible performance means predictable response and handling. To improve active safety by helping you avoid accidents.
Responsible comfort takes the form of ergonomically correct interiors. To improve active safety by reducing driver fatigue. And, as a part of responsible aesthetics, there are refined body structures. To improve passive safety by helping you escape injury if an accident does occur. Which means that, underneath the Bluebird' s beautifully styled exterior, you have beautifully engineered protection.
A rigid, monocoque frame that guards you. A highly stable body that surrounds you. Front and rear crushable zones that cushion impact. Side-door reinforcement beams that fend off broadside collisions. Not to mention other features like adjustable shoulder-strap anchors and Emergency Locking Retractor seatbelts.
Enhancing not only your safety. But also our view that true beauty reflects inner strength as well as outward appeal. TEXT I is a letter to editor of The Economist. Skim it quickly to answer question 45. 45. The main purpose of the letter is to express the writer' s
A. sympathy for Germany which accepts refugees in large numbers B. condemnation of Britain' s negative attitude towards refugees C. concern for refugees who have been massacred or detained D. demand that Britain accept its share in taking in refugees
Sir_The Economist has often championed the cause of refugees, and argued that they can be assets to the countries that give them shelter.
Today Germany is being overwhelmed with refugees from the east; over 500, 000 this year. Obviously many of these refugees are leaving their own countries for economic reasons, but many more are fleeing for justified fear of persecution and even death, as reports of massacres of Serb Muslims by both Croatian and Serbian troops make all too clear. The current inflow of refugees is a common European problem. At present, Germany absorbs them, and Britain rejects them, sending back even the pitiful handful of Bosnians who have managed to get to its shores.
Some 6,000 Bosnian detainees are being held in camps in unspeakable conditions because there is nowhere for them to go. The European Community has so far failed to find any peaceful way to stop the horrors of \
Surely the most elementary considerations of humanity demand that Britain, as president of the EC, should convene a Community meeting to allocate these refugees among its members, with Britain accepting its share. Cambridge, Shirley Massachusetts Williams
TEXT J is a science report. Skim it quickly to answer question 46. 46. The most appropriate title for this article would be A. The Striking Features of Japanese Macaques
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B. The Functional Role of Japanese Macaques C. The Social Order of Japanese Macaques
D. The Aggressive Behaviour of Japanese Macaques
Among Japanese macaques are these striking features: a few males dominate the troop, several old females attack others of their sex without retaliation and many adult females threaten and chase males. There is clearly a rigid dominance hierarchy analogous to a pecking order.
Aggressiveness is not important in determining rank. The higher a monkey' s status, the fewer the attacks made on him. (Dominance rank is basically linear but there are occasional reversals. )By the same token, high rank does not necessarily entail highly aggtessive behaviour. Having attained his position, the leader, secureand confident, does not need to attack others as much as lower-ranking males.
Nor does size play a vital role. One leader observed was small, had no canine teeth and only one eye. Yet there was never any challenge to his authority.
Ethologists believe an animal' s dominance rank is closely correlated with its mother' s. Sons of high-ranking females may remain at the centre of the troop while others are driven to the periphery. Probably the mother' s influence carries over and this is seen in many macaques fights which turn out to be bluffing matches. Here, as usual, the deciding factor is the monkey' s status. Presumably. the higher the rank of the combatant' s mother, the more self-confident he is and the more certain of victory.
Also important in determining the social order is the functional role of each animal, ranging from watching for predators to rearing a family. The study of such primate societies may help us to better understand human social behaviour.
TEXT K is an article from a book Scan it for the information you need to answer questions 47 to 48. 47. How many years are necessary to double the world' s population at present? A. 37. B. 200. C. 80. D. 50.
48. How many people died of smog in London in 19527 A. About 2000. B. About 4000. C. 120. D. 60.
The Population Bomb I TOO MANY PEOPLE
Figures and numerous facts prove that there are already, and certainly that there will be, too many people. Simply calculating the lengths of time necessary to double the world' s population is enlightening. Impressively, the time required grows even Shorter: 6, 000 years before Chirst, 1, 000, 000 years were necessary to double the population; then about 1, 650 years after Christ only 1, 000; round the 1850' s 200 yea's; in 1930 80 years. Currently, the world' s population doubles every 37 years.
What would happen if the population were to continue doubling in volume every 37 years?
According to recent calculations, maintaining such a rhythm of growth would result in 60 million billion people on the earth in 900 years, which represents 120 inhabitants per square meter.
Optimists believe and often assert that science will indeed fmd solutions to the problem of overcrowding, namely by providing the means to immigrate to other planets. But this solution is totally utopian. In effect, even if it should become possible, 50 years would be sufficient for the 60 million billion persons to multiply to the point of populating Venus, Mercury, Mars, the Moon and the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn with a density equal to that of the Earth. II A DYING PLANET
The world' s population explosion is the source of a whole series of environmental deteriorations, which in time can have disastrous consequences.
Because the population-food imbalance necessitates ' at any price' a growth of agricultural production, methods often harmful to the environment are used without judgment. Examples abound. The construction of colossal dams to irrigate hundreds of thousands of acres can in fact provoke catastrophes. Thus, the Aswan Dam currently prevents the deposit of fertile silts brought each year by the flooding of the Nile. The result will obviously be a decrease in the fertility of the Delta lands. Damming the Mekong risks the same consequences for Vietman and neighbouring countries.
Fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, DDT can be devastating, transforming complex ecosystems, necessary for the conservation of the environment, into simple ecosystems. Monocultures are a case of such mutation.
Certain situations are perceived as ' dangerous only when they become critical enough to cause numerous deaths. Smog is an example. In London in 1952 it caused some 4, 000 deaths. This incident provoked an awakening of conscience and resulted in decisions which have proven efficacious. But smog presents still other dangers: namely, it destroys plants which offer little resistance, and whose oxygen production is indisensable to us, and it changes the earth' s thermal equilibrium.
TEXT L is a description of Boston. Scan it to get the information you need to answer questions 49 to 50. 49. When did the Pilgrims settle in Plymouth, Massachusetts? A. In 1620. B. In 1630. C. In 1690. D. in 1775. 50. What is Cape Cod? A. A renowned university. B. A charming seacoast town.
C. A picturesque and historic town. D. A famous ocean resort.
Boston is the capital of Massachusetts, as well as the largest city and the cultural and commercial certre of New England. The city was founded in 1630, 10 years after the Pilgrims landed in Plymouth. It has been called the \(more than 60 colleges and universities are located in the metropolitan area).
Many museums' , concert halls, and theatres provide cultural and entertainment options梖rom the internationally acclaimed Museum of Fine Arts to the Boston Symphony Orchestra and Bost Pops to an abundant local and pre- Broadway. theatre scene. Seasonally, sports events feature the Boston Celtics (basketball), the Boston Red Sox (baseball), and the New England Patriots (football). On Patriots' Day (officially April 19th, but celebrated on the third Monday in April) thousands of runners from all over the world compete in the Boston Marathon, the nation' s oldest road race, which first took place in 1897.
Prominent among Boston' s many tourist attractions is the Freedom Trail, a walking tour through historic Boston that encompasses 16 of the most treasured sites in American history. The Freedom Trail is an actual red line painted on the sidewalks and streets of Boston. Besides guiding a visitor to the historic sites found along the Trail, it is an excellent way to tour the city, as the Trail winds through many of the city' s diverse neighborhoods.
In the downtown section of the city is Boston Common, the nation' s oldest public park. Early in the city' s history, in 1534, this piece of land was set aside as a military training field and a public cattle pasture. (Many of the streets in downtown Boston are narrow and winding, said to be so because they began as cow paths.) In the late 1600s women who were found guilty of witchcraft were hanged in the Common, and in his boyhood Benjamin Franklin grazed his
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family' s cow there. Next to the Common is Boston' s formal Public Garden, where, in the spring and summer, people enjoy riding in the graceful swan boats on the Garden' s scenic pond.
Just across the Charles River from Boston is Cambridge, home of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Harvard' s museums are world famous; its Widener Library, with about six million books, is the world' s largest university library. Cambridge also had a part in the American Revolution. It was under an elm tree in the Cambridge Common that George Washington took command of the Continental army on July 3, 1775. South of Boston is historic Plymouth, where the Pilgrims settled in 1620, and Cape Cod, the region' s most famous ocean resort梐 hook-shaped peninsula with 300 miles of long, sandy beaches.
West of Boston are the picturesque and historic towns of Lexington and Concord. It was on Lexington Green in the early morning hours of April 19, 1775 that the captain of the Colonial Militia announced, \that followed, changed the course of history. Lexington is called the birthplace of American liberty. \(commemorating the \梒olonists who remained ready to act as soldiers at a minute' s notice) and the homes of authors Louisa May Alcott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Nearby is Walden Pond, made famous by Henry David Thoreau.
North of Boston are the historic and charming seacoast towns of Salem, Gloucester, and Rockport. At Salem, famous for the witchcraft hysteria in 1690, the visitor can see the Witch Museum, as well as the House of the Seven Gables, made famous by Nathaniel Hawthorne. In Gloucester, a bronze statue of the Gloucester Fisherman overlooks the ocean in memory of the more than 10, 000 fishermen who lost their lives at sea. Rockport is best known for its artists' colony and picturesque scenery. Whale-watching expeditions are popular in both Rockport and Gloucester. PAPERTWO
PART VI TRANSLATION (60 min) SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH
Translate the following text into English. Write your translation in the ANSWER BOOKLET.
徐霞客一生周游了十六个省，足迹几乎遍及全国。他在考察的过程中，从来不盲目迷信书本上的结论。他发现前人研究地理的记载有许多很不可靠的地方。为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区，人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景；他常常选择不同的时间和季节，多次重游各地名山，反复观察变换的奇景。 SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation in the ANSWER BOOKLET
The thirty-second day out of Bombay began inauspiciously. In the morning a sea smashed one of the galley doors. We dashed in through lots of steam and found the cook very wet and indignant with the ship: She' s getting worse every day. She' s trying to drown me in front of my own stove!' He was very angry. We pacified him, and the carpenter, though
away twice from there, managed to repair the door. Through that accident our dinner was not ready till late, but it ,4,-,4:2c, ? t matter in the end because Knowles, who went to fetch it, got knocked down by a sea and the dinner went over the
Captain Allistoun, looking more hard and thin-lipped than ever, hung on to full topsails and foresails, and would not 'notice that the ship, asked to do too much, appeared to lose heart altogether for the first time since we knew her. PART III WRITING (45 min)
While some people claim that a person' s essential qualities are inherited at birth, others insist that the circumstances in which a person grows up are principally responsible for the kind of person he/she becomes. Which view do you agree with and why? Requirement:
In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. Marks will be awarded for organization as well as for syntactic variety and appropriate work choice. Length:
Not less than 250 words.
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TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (1994) - GRADE EIGHT -
PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN. )
In Section A, B and C you will hear everything once only. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct response for each question in your ANSWER BOOKLET. SECTION A TALK
Questions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given ONE minute to answer the following five questions. Now listen to the talk.
1. The plans of the electrical systems are prepared by the project' s [A] designer. [B] electrician.[C] draftsman. [D] contractor. 2. Career draftsmen are often
[A] called \[B] architectural graduates getting training. [C] high school graduates working as tracers. [D] graduates of junior colleges. 3. \
[A] the architect' s rough sketches and directions. [B] the plans and details for the actual construction. [C] the ideas and the specifications for the project. [D] the designer' s handbooks, tables and building codes. 4. The main idea that comes through clearly in this talk is [A] the advantage of taking an architectural drafting course. [B] the benefit of draftsmen working in teams. [C] the importance of accuracy in the drawings. [D] the necessity of having advanced drawing aids.
5. According to this talk, which of the following statements is correct? [A] The project architect is the main member of the architectural team. [B] Only a dozen different types of workers are involved in a project. [C] The job of the draftsman is to provide labor and building materials.
[D] The contractor depends upon the working drawings for his work. SECTION B CONVERSATION
Questions 6 to 10 are based on a conversation between Ann and Lyn. At the end of the conversation you will be given One minute to answer the following five questions. Now listen to the conversation. 6. Lyn has eventually decided to go on a
[A] fly-drive holiday. [B] car-trip. [C] two-city holiday. [D] conducted tour. 7. At the Epcot Center Lyn will
[A] see aquatic displays. [B] visit a large funfair.
[C] visit a technologically-advanced city. [D] visit a film studio. 8. When she visits the Kennedy Space Center, Lyn will be able to
[A] send messages to satellites. [B] learn something new about space. [C] go aboard a spacecraft. [D] operate Mission Control. 9. In order to go on this holiday, Lyn ultimately had to [A] overdraw an account. [B] borrow from her parent. [C] work over time. [D] spend her savings.
10. From the conversation, we get the impression that Lyn is
[A] pragmatic. [B] extrovert. [C] willful. [D] calculating. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
Questions 11 to 12 are based on the following news from the BBC. At the end of the news item, you will be given 24 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.
11. The main function of the proposed Thorp facility is to produce . - [A] weapon-grade material. [B] nuclear fuel. [C] plutonium. [D] spent fuel.
12. On the issue of plutonium, the U.S. feels
[A] satisfied with the current civilian use of the element.
[B] the destruction of the nuclear arms surpasses civilian production. [C] content to export its own nuclear fuel.
[D] the current levels of production should be decreased.
Questions 13 to 15 are based on the following news from the VOA. At the end of the news item, you will be given 36 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.
13. From the news, we learn a conflict exists between [A] flight attendants and passengers.
[B] management at American and U. S. government. [C] American Airlines and travel agents.
[D] America' s management and flight attendants.
14. According to the management at American Airlines, in 1994 flight attendants would earn [A] from $16,000 to $35,000. [B] around $ 21,000. [C] from $15,000 to $ 33,000. [D] around $ 50,000. 15. American Airlines has cut back its operations because of [A] the strike. [B] enormous losses.
[C] contingency plans. [D] rising air fares.
SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLING
In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the lecture, take notes on the important points. Your