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occurs has a strong influence on the way the entries are organized. Equally, the large group of texts, called the corpus, gives us reasonable grounds for omitting many uses and word-forms that do not occur in it. It is difficult for a conventional dictionary, in the absence of evidence, to decide what to leave out, and a lot of quite misleading information is thus preserved in the tradition of lexicography.
This dictionary makes a break with such traditions. We have gone back to basics and collected many millions of words, and put them into a very large computer. The words came from books, magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, leaflets, conversations, radio and television broadcasts. The aim was to provide a fair representation of contemporary English.
No sets of texts, however large, can be fully relied on; all the same the information from the texts has been analyzed and appraised by a team of lexicographers, whose professional knowledge has also been used wherever there is only a small amount of evidence of the usage of a word of phrase.
The quality of information in this dictionary is different from others. With our textual evidence it is possible to be precise about the shape of phrases and the extent of their variation; the relative importance of different senses of a word; and the typical environment in which a word or phrase is used. Even when statements like this are already familiar, they are made with a different kind of authority in this book. TEXT I
First read the following question.
39. The general tone of the letter can be described as
[A] informal and outraged. [B] polite but clearly angry. [C] formal but mild. [D] unsympathetic.
Now go through TEXT I quickly and answer question 39.
754 West End Avenue Round valley, N.Y.
December 31, 1993.
Manager
Anyder' s Department Store
New York 5, N.Y.
Dear Sir,
For a number of years my wife and I have been dealing with Snyder' s and have bought several home appliances as well as other merchandise. I have a Snyder' s charge account, which I have used a great deal, as your records will show. My son runs in Snyder' s sneakers; my small daughters run in and out of Snyder' s rompers. My walls are painted with Snyder' s One-Coat Satin Paint. My lawn is mowed with a Snyder' s gas-powered motor; my clothes washed in a Snyder' s Handy Spindri; my hamburgers done in the backyard in summer on a Snyder' s mobile barbecue pit. In short, much of what I have has been yours.
Until now the service on all this stuff has been, if somewhat grumpy here and there, at least adequate. That is why I am shocked and hurt at the treatment. We have been receiving recently at the rather heavy hands of your installation men, who, frankly, have been beating the stuffing out of the gas range I bought two weeks ago. The installation ?or lack of it ?has been based on incompetence or both. Apparently none of the \much about getting the range in properly or taking the necessary safety precautions ?with the result that much of the work that ought to have been done by Snyder' s has been thrust off on the Town Service people, who, I can assure you, are getting weary of adjusting a range sold by a competitor. There have been gas bubbles and outright leaks, and this morning, after another so-called repair visit by one of your men, the house was filled with gas fumes ?to the fatigue of my mother-in-law, not to mention the kindergarten canary that is boarding with us during Easter vacation. We were saved only through the fortunate presence of a house painter, who shut off the main inlet because \
If this negligence had been the work of an arrogant fly-by- night outfit doing me a \a reliable organization like Snyder' s bills me for an installation which never seems finished and causes me great inconveniences and near grief, something is remiss somewhere. Living as I do on the psychic reward which at my company passes for a salary, I can ill afford it. I thought that as manager you would' want to know all this.
Sincerely yours, Robert Crumbleton TEXT J
First read the following questions.
40. The country that is providing most of the money for the project is [A] Switzerland. [B] Uganda. [C] France. [D] The Netherlands.
41. How many years' of relevant professional experience is the applicant expected to have? [A] Two years. [B] Three years. [C] Ten years. [D] Six years. Now go through TEXT J quickly and answer questions 40 and 41.
IUCN
The World Conversation Union
Technical Advisor
Uganda National Wetlands
Conservation
Management Program
IUCN is providing technical support to the Department of Environment (DEP) of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Uganda is implementing an innovative and multi ?disciplinary program to promote the long ?term conservation and sustainable use of Uganda' s wetland resources. The second three ?year phase of the program commenced in July 1992 with funding from the Government of the Netherlands. A major goal of IUCN' s support is to build the capacity of the DEP Wetlands Unit to coordinate wetlands conservation and management initiatives and to promote effective policies and planning for wetlands management. Activities initiated to date include, amongst others, establishment of wetlands inventory capabilities, development and dissemination of a natural policy framework and awareness and training.
Due to the departure of the previous incumbent, we are now looking for a technical advisor to continue the process of transferring wetland management skills to the head of the DEP Wetlands Unit (the program leader) and his team of motivated professional staff. Based in Kampala, the Advisor will provide technical expertise in wetlands management with particular emphasis on community participation, sustainable development, district planning, training at district level, and awareness. The successful applicant will hold a postgraduate degree in environmental science and at least ten years professional experience relating to wetland management, preferably in Africa. He/she should have a broad understanding of related fields particularly rural development, community extension work, tropical agriculture, and remote sensing techniques. Management experience, good interpersonal skills, and an ability to organize and motivate others will be essential attributes.
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Applicants should submit their curriculum vitae, Uganda Country Office, P.O. Box 10950,
Kampala, Uganda, Fax: 256-41-242298, by November 12, 1993 (extended from October 30). Alternatively, applicants may be sent to the Coordinator, IUCN, Wetlands Program, Rue Mauvemey 28, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland. Further information on project goals, job responsibilities, duration of appointment and terms and conditions of employment will be sent to suitably qualified candidates only. TEXT K
First read the following questions.
42. Kennedy made it clear his support for the Peace Corps in.
[A] Michigan. [B] Washington. [C] New York. [D] San Francisco. 43. The Peace Corps was created on
[A] February 6, 1961. [B] March 1, 1961. [C] August 30, 1961. [D] January 21, 1961.
Now go through TEXT K quickly and answer questions 42 and 43. PEACE CORPS HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY
January 14, 1960 Congressman Henry Reuss introduces a bill calling for study of a \plan. It was passed.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
June 15, 1960 Senator Hubert Humphrey introduces a bill calling for establishment of a \was defeated.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
October 14, 1960 President candidate John F. Kennedy addresses students at the University of Michigan in a 2:00 p. m.impromptu speech challenging them to give two years of their lives to help people in countries of the developing world. Inspired by the speech students form \World Responsibility\__________________________________________________________________________________________
November 2, 1960 One week before election, Kennedy makes formal commitment to a \in San Francisco.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
January 20, 1961 President Kennedy includes what becomes basic Peace Corps philosophy in his Inaugural Address:
\those peoples in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves.\
__________________________________________________________________________________________
January 21, 1961 Kennedy appoints Sargent Shriver as head of a task force to study the feasibility of a Peace Corps. Shriver enlists the help of Harris Wofford. Together they draw up plans and invite suggestions from various quarters. __________________________________________________________________________________________
February 6, 1961 Shriver receives copy of \
recommends that the Peace Corps be established immediately and on a large scale. February 24, 1961 Shriver delivers to Kennedy the task force' s report on the Peace Corps stressing speed, independence, originality and size.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
March 1,1961 President Kennedy issued Executive Order creating the Peace Corps. Three days later, Sargent Shriver is appointed its first director.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
August 30, 1961 President Kennedy hosts ceremony at the WhiteHouse Rose Garden in honor of the first group of Peace Corps Volunteers departing for service in Ghana. The 51 Volunteers serve in secondary school education programs. __________________________________________________________________________________________
September 12, 1961 Tom Livingston of Wood Dale, Illinois, is the first Volunteer on duty ?an English teacher at Ghana Secondary school, Dowdowa, Ghana. __________________________________________________________________________________________
September 22, 1961 Congress approves legislation formally authorizing Peace Corps with the mandate to \following objectives: (1) To help the people of interested countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower; (2) To help promote a better understanding of Americans on the part of the people served; and (3) To help promote a better understanding of other peoples on the part of Americans. TEXT L
First read the following questions.
44. When did Britain begin her offshore gas production? [A] In 1960. [B] In 1965. [C] In 1967. [D] In 1973.
45. In 1982 ?83 the British Gas Corporation and its subsidiary companies netted a profit of [A] ?188 million. [B] ?4,200 million. [C] ?,326 million [D] ?,958 million.
Now go through TEXT L quickly and answer questions 44 and 45. GAS
Public supply of manufactured gas in Britain began in the early nineteenth century in Westminster in central London.
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For many years gas was produced from coal but during the 1960s, when growing supplies of oil were being imported, there was a switch to producing town gas from oil-based feedstocks. However, a more significant change began in the late 1960' s following the first commercial natural gas discovery in UKCS in 1965 and the start of offshore gas production in 1967. Supplies of offshore natural gas grew rapidly and natural gas has now replaced town gas in the public supply system in Great Britain. Originally used exclusively for lighting, gas is now used for domestic cooking and beating and for industrial and commercial purposes.
The 1948 Gas Act brought the industry in Great Britain under public ownership and control in 1949. As a result of the change to natural gas necessitating more centralized control of production and transmission, the British Gas Corporation was set up in 1973 under the 1972 Gag Act to replace the Gas Council and area gas boards. The 1982 Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Act gives power to permit the disposal of assets held by the Corporation, and curtails the Corporation' s statutory monopoly in the supply of gas for fuel purposes so as to permit private companies to compete in this supply.
In 1982- 83 the turnover of the Corporation and its subsidiary companies amounted to Z5,958 million, of which sales of gas accounted for ?,326 million pounds. After interest payments and taxation there was a profit of ?188 million. Recently the Corporation has been wholly selffinancing. It has repaid all its long; ?term debt to the Government. The Corporation has a large investment program, amounting to ?,200 million (at current prices) in the five years from 198287, a large part of which is accounted for by investment in the Gough and Morecamble fields. The Corporation has about 101,000 employees.
Natural gas is not available in Northern Ireland and the industry there, which is controlled by nine municipal undertakings and four private sector companies, uses town gas produced from oil feedstocks. However, the Government of Britain and the Irish Republic have negotiated an agreement under which natural gas from the latter' s offshore Kinsale field will be supplied to Northern Ireland through a pipeline extension to be built between Dublin and Belfast. PART IV TRANSLATION(60 MIN. ) SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISH
Translate the following underlined part of the TEXT into English. Write your translation on ANSWER HEET THREE.
人是一个非常复杂的矛盾体。为了不受干扰地工作，常常要逃避世俗的热闹，可一旦长期陷入孤境，又感到痛苦，感到难以忍受。一般情况，我喜欢孤独。
我的最大爱好是深思默想。我可以一个人长时间地独处而感到愉快。独享欢乐是一种愉快，独自忧伤也是一种愉快。孤独的时候，精神不会是一片纯粹的空白，它热染是一个丰富多才的世界。情绪上的大欢乐和大悲痛往往都在孤独中产生。孤独中，思维可以不依照逻辑进行。孤独更多地产生人生的诗情——激昂的和伤感的。孤独可以使人的思想向更遥远更深邃的地方伸展，也恩能够使你对自己或环境作更透彻的认识和检讨。 当然，孤独常常叫人感到无以名状的忧伤。而这忧伤有时又是很美丽的。我喜欢孤独。但我也很惧怕孤独。 SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE
Translate the following underlined part of the TEXT Into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET THREE.
Michael Jordan, a basketball player in whom commentators have discerned qualities and supernatural powers, has etired from the game that made him one of the world' s best known and best paid sportsmen, earning a reputed $36 a year.
Last week' s announcement was premature by most people' s measurement 桱ordan is 30 and at the height of his laying and earning power ?but it was not, by his own account, taken hastily, rashly or under any duress. \
After three championships with the Chicago Bulls, a second gold medal with the US team at the 1992 Olympics, and 1 the accolades the game can bestow, Jordan felt his motivation sli-Dping away. \
But this explanation may appear too simple to satisfy the sceptics, who have recently discovered that Jordan does not lead an untroubled private life. First came allegations that he gambled ?in a country where gambling is mostly illegal ?and that his gambling was out of Control. Then his father was shot dead on July 23.
The most lurid speculation suggests these facts are linked. If Jordan could lose $1 million to one of his golf partners, as has been alleged, could he not have run up a more substantial debt to a more substantial organization, one that employs a lot of men with vowels at the end of their names and bulges in their jackets?
PART V WRITING (60 MIN. )
Personal Appearance: Looks Really Count
Or do they? Looks aren' t everything, the saying goes. Write a passage of about 300 words agreeing or disagreeing with the topic. In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary or suggestion.
Marks will be awarded for organization as well as for synthetic variety and appropriate word choice. Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.
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TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (1995)
----GRADE EIGHT--
PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN.)
In Section A, B and C you will hear everything once only. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow Mark the correct response for each question on your Colored Answer Sheet. SECTION A TALK
Questions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the talk .1. The speaker is
[A] explaining the credit system. [B] recommending the tutor system.
[C] introducing a short summer course. [D] talking to some college students.
2. A student with a 75% attendance record will only receive a certificate if she has [A] completed the individual assignments. [B] submitted good reasons for this. [C] undertaken the required group work. [D] carried out the necessary private study. 3. In the speaker' s opinion, the method of evaluation is [A] more demanding. [B] under review. [C] better than before. ID] optional.
4. According to the speaker which of the following is a rule? [A] No cooking in rooms. [B] No smoking on campus. [C] No accommodation for friends. [D] No consumables in classrooms. 5. The general tone of this talk can be described as [A] impartial. [B] dominthing.
[C] authoritative. [D] condescending. SECTION B CONVERSATION
Questions 6 to 10 are based on a conversation between Pauline and her friend. At the end of the conversation you will be given 13 seconds to answer each of the following questions. Now listen to the conversation. 6. Pauline failed to catch the flight because
[A] her ticket was not confirmed. [B] she booked her ticket at the wrong place. [C] she didn' t have the right documents. [D] her visa had run out. 7. Which of the following did not occur? Pauline
[A] visited one of London' s parks. [B] went to the airport by taxi.
[C] contacted the airline by telephone. [D] stayed the night in London. 8. In Ibiza, Pauline took a taxi because
[A] she had too much luggage. [B] nobody came to pick her up. [C] the plane was delayed. [D] her friend' s home was far away.
9. Pauline learned her friend' s address in [A] Newcastle. [B] Gatwick. [C] London. [D] Luton. 10. From the conversation we get the impress: [A] some official agencies in London are [B] taxi drivers abroad always overcharge. [C] customs formalities in Britain are flexible. [D] travel agents tend to misinform people. SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
Questions 11 and 12 are based on the follow end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the two questions. Now listen to the news. 11. The weather on the wedding day was [A] cold. [B] warm. [C] foggy. [D] rainy. 12. The wedding reception was held
[A] in Edinburgh. [B] on Deeside. [C] at Balmoral. [D] near York.
Questions 13 to 15 are based on the following news from the VOA. At the end of the news item, you will be given 45 seconds to answer the three questions. Now listen to the news. 13. Rachel Whiteread is
[A] a traditional artist. [B] a sculptor.
[C] an interior decorator. [D] a house designer.
14. Which of the following was not considered for this year' s Turner Prize? [A] A model containing a large amount of rice. [B] A sculpture showing the inside of old houses. [C] A display made up of fish and glass.
[D] A sculpture involving colored neon lights.
15. What made Rachel Whiteread unhappy was the fact that [A] she knew her creation was to be pulled down. [B] she got the prize as the worst artist.
[C] she was ridiculed and mocked by newspapermen. [D] she was regarded as a hypocrite and the worst artist. SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLING
In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the lecture, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a 15-minute gap-filling task on the ANSWER SHEET after the mini-lecture. ANSWER SHEET
SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLING [20 MIN.]
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Fill in each of the gaps with ONE suitable word. You may refer to your notes. Make sure the word you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable. Computers
There are millions of computers in the world today. As computers process extremely (1) information at (1) a very fast speed, they are changing various aspects of our lives. And the introduction of (2) has accelerated (2) this change and also led to (3)computers. (3) Computers are widely employed in banking for (4) cheques. They are also used in (4)
(5) and for the payment of standing orders. The (5) newly developed Electronic Funds (6) System (6) could allow the computer controlling it to become the centre of a wider (7) . (7) TEM8-95-2
The most popular use of computers in (8) is in (8) keeping (9) located on hospital wards and even in (9) operating theatres. Computers are also involved in assisting (10) through the immediate provision of the (10) (11) medical data, previously often only to be (11) found in published material.
Computers are revolutionizing the production of
(12) . For example, the reporter can put his story (12) , known as (13) , directly into the computer, (13) and this then appears on a (14) When he is satisfied (14 ) with a reporter' s work, the (15) can access (15) the final version and make any further alterations. By .means of a special (16) , the articles can then be (16) organized into (17) and finally the whole is auto- (17) matically transferred to the (18) section. (18) Because of the application of computers, significant changes have taken place in the type of (19) done (19) by many people and more importantly in the (20) (20) people needed to do the work.
PART II PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (20 MINS) Air quality in Britain has improved considerably in the
last thirty years. Total emissions of smoke in the air have risen by (1) over 85 percent since 1950. The domestic smoking control program (2) has been particularly important in achieving this result. London and (3) other major cities are no longer have the dense smoke-laden (4) \(5) increased about 70 percent since 1958. (6)
Since 1990, everyday air pollution data from the British (7) monitoring network has been made available to the public by (8) the Department of the Environment' s Air Quantity Bulletins. (9) These give the concentrations on three main pollutants - ozone, (10) nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide - and grade air quality on (11) a scale between \(12) features in television and radio weather reports, appears (13)
in many national and local newspapers. Therefore, the data are also (14) available on the special free telephone number and on videotext systems. (15) A comprehensive review of the issue of urbanized air (16)
quality was announced in January 1992. Three independent committees (17) of which experts have been established to advise on different (18) aspects of the problem, and will set guidelines and targets for air (19) quality. The network also being extended and upgraded at a cost (20) of 10 million pounds.
PART III READING COMPREHENSION [40 MIN.] SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION [30 MIN.]
In this section there are six reading passages followed by a total of twenty multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your Colored Answer Sheet. TEXT A
David Frost - Autobiography
[Part one] by David Frost
Looked at one way, it is faintly ludicrous that Sir David Frost should be writing his autobiography already. That he should have written just the first 30 years' worth might be thought strange. Here he is, not yet 55 years old, producing a volume of 528 pages that takes us no further than 1969.