初中宾语定语状语从句
初中阶段着重要研究的从句有:宾语从句、状语从句、no matter从句和定语从句。
1. 从句的共同特点
从句是指在一个句子中充当一个成分的句子,充当什么成分就叫什么从句,如:充当宾语就叫宾语从句,充当定语成分就叫定语从句。
从以上定义中我们可以得出关于从句的一个最大特点:从句是句子。
从句的共同特点:1.从句都有自己的连接词 2.从句都是陈述语序(陈述语序就是主语在前,谓语在后,如:He is a teacher主语 He 在谓语is之前,因此是陈述语序,而Is he a teacher? 主语 He 在谓语is之后,因此不是陈述语序。)
2.:宾语从句
宾语从句是中考的一个重要得分点,大家复习时一定要重视。
在研究宾语从句之前我们先来看一下什么是宾语。宾语表示动作行为的对象,如I lost my car 中my car就回答了我丢失了什么中的“什么”,因此my car就是宾语,宾语包括动宾、介宾,动宾就是跟在及物动词后的宾语,如:I have finished my homework (my homework 是跟在finish后的动宾);介宾就是跟在介词后作宾语,如:I’m interested in English (English 是跟在in 后的介宾语)。
宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子,如:He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.
宾语从句的特点:1.宾语从句有自己的连接词2.宾语从句用陈述语序 3.宾语从句的时态
宾语从句与其他名词性从句一样,也有三种类型:
1.由从属连词that引导的宾语从句表示陈述意义,连词that常可被省略。例如:I hope (that) they will have fun. Mary said that she felt sleepy. Can’t you see (that) I’m a bird?
注意:1)当主句的谓语动词是think,believe等时,宾语从句尽管要表示否定意义,却不用否定形式,而将think等动词变为否定形式。如:I don’t think he will come.我认为他不会来。
2)两个表示陈述意义的宾语从句并列时,有时省去第一个从句的连词that,但第二个从句的连词that一般不可以省略。如:
He told me (that)they could not decide what to do and that they asked my advice. 2.由从属连词if或whether引导的宾语从句表示“是否(有,能,已经??)”等一般疑问句的含义。
例如:I wonder whether (if) he lives here.
The teacher asked whether (if) they were getting ready for the English Evening.如果要强调“究竟??还是不??”,常用连词whether引导宾语从句,后面再加or not或直接在whether
后加or not。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。如:I’d be interested to know whether he will see the film“House of Flying Daggers”or not.=I’d be interested to know whether or no the will see the film“House of Flying Daggers”.
3.由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which和连接副词when,where,how,why等引导的宾语从句表示“谁,谁的,什么,哪(个,些),何时,何地,怎样,为什么”等等特殊疑问句的意义。除了连接词及被修饰的词提前以外,宾语从句用陈述句语序。 例如:To masked who could give the message to her mother.
Do you know what he said just now? I wondered how old his brother was. 宾语从句的时态呼应:1).当主句是现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句可以用所需要的任何时态。 2).主句是过去时,宾语从句一般只能用过去时的某种形式;当从句叙述的是客观事实或一般真理时,宾语从句仍然用现在时态。 3).情态动词must一般不用于过去时,但却可以用于主句是过去时的宾语从句中。
二.宾语从句的语序;A.宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序(主语在前,谓语在后),如:I want to know if he can come tomorrow
B.当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时,后面直接加谓语动词,如:She asked me who had helped him
三.宾语从句的时态,只要记住以下口诀就可以了“主现则从任,主过则从过,客观真理一般现”。
A.主现则从任:主句如果是一般现在时,则从句根据时间状语需要从八种时态中任选一种,如:1.He tells me he likes English very much(一般现在时)
2.He asks me if I saw his brother yesterday(一般过去时)
3.She wants to know what has happened(现在完成时)
4.I say that the world is changing all the time(现在进行时)
5.He wonders what I was doing at five yesterday afternoon.(过去进行时)
6.My father tells me that he will fly to Qingdao for a holiday(现在将来时)
7.My sister says he had learn one thousand English words by the end of last term(过去完成时)
8.My friends hopes me that I can help him(含情态动词的一般现在时)
B.主过则从过:主句如果是一般过去时,则从句根据时间状语需要从四种带“过”字的时态中任选一种,带“过”字的时态分别是如:1.一般过去时,2.过去进行时,3.过去将来时,4.过去完成时
1.He told me that he liked playing football(一般过去时)
2.She asked me whether I was watching TV at this time last day(过去进行时)
3.I wanted to say that our team would beat them(过去将来时)
4.He wondered if I had finished my homework (过去完成时)
5.I said I could help him (含情态动词的一般过去时)
C.客观真理一般现:客观真理永远用一般现在时,如:1.He says the moon goes around the earth
2.He told me that one and one makes two.
3. 状语从句
状语从句是历年中考的一个必考项目,一定要特殊注意。
英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语(adverbial)。
状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等,根据状语的功能状语从句可分为:时间状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句。
一.时间状语从句:在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。
时间状语的连接词:when(当?时候) while(当?时候) as(当?时候) after(在?以后) before(在?以前) as soon as(一?就) since(自从?到现在) till /until(直到?才) by the time(到?为止)依旧是连接词后加陈述语序。
举例:1.when当?的时候(一般情况下主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时。)
Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.
(当)莫扎特的时候,开始写音乐作品。
I will become a teacher when I grow up
当我长大了,我要当老师
2.while当?时
He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.
他在旅途中参观了许多地方。
3.as在?的同时;一边?一边?
He smiled as he stood up.
他一边站起来一边笑着。
4.after在?之后
He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.
前几天做完作业之后回的家。
5.before 在?之前
Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.
布朗先生来这之前已经在一家银行里工作一年了。
6.as soon as 一?就?(一般情况下主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时。)
We began to work as soon as we got there.
我们一到那就开始工作。
I will write to you as soon as I get home.
我一到家就给你写信。
7.since 自?以来 到现在
表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。
Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago.
自格林先生来中国以来,他就在这所学校教书。
(还可以用作介词,本句从句还可以用短语:since three years ago(自三年前以来)表示。)
8 till /until
都可以作连词,连接时间状语,也可以作介词,与其它词构成介词短语,在句中作状语。
They walked till /until it was dark.
他们一直走到天黑。
Xiao Ming didn’t leave home till / until his father came back.
小明直到他爸爸回来才离开家。
9. by the time 到?为止 (所在句子的主句应用现在或过去完成时)
By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.
他到家的时候,他爸爸已经走了。
By the time I got to school, the class had already began.
我到校时,已经开始上课了。
用法辨析:1.when, while和as的区别
when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。
例如:
When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时,我在吃饭。(瞬时动词)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时,我常常为他担水。(延续性的动词)
We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了。
While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如:
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词,was reading和was watching同时发生)
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。(对比)
As表示“一边??一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后。例如: