第七部分：短文写作
（第51题，30分）
一、基本写作步骤
1．审题
所谓审题，就是审清作文的要求和所给的材料，如图表说明、关键词、段首句、提纲等等。审题是写作的第一步，也是文章成功的关键所在之一。在考试之中，由于时间仓促，心情紧张，匆忙审题，造成离题万里的现象屡见不鲜。因此可以说能否审清题意是作文、乃至考试成败的关键。在平时进行写作练习的时候，就要有意识地养成认真审题，仔细研究的良好习惯。
弄清作文要求之后，就要确定文章的主题思想。主题思想明确、深刻，才能确保文章言之有物，顺理成章。围绕主题去构思、写作文章，才能思路清晰，不致节外生枝离题万里。 2．提纲
提纲有利于作者理清思路。尤其在考场上，根据提纲写作，能写出层次分明，逻辑性强，表意清晰的好文章，可避免考试时由于情绪紧张而造成的不应有的失误。
提纲有多种类型，可详可略，写作时也可根据自己的经验和特点编写适合于自己的提纲。常见的提纲种类有罗列式提纲、主题式提纲、句子式提纲。所谓罗列式提纲，就是根据题目和所给材料，围绕中心思想，罗列一系列相关的词、短语或句子。主题式提纲比较简略，只写出文章的主题思想即可，写作时依据主题思想，围绕重点，进行扩充和展开。句子式提纲比较详细，顾名思义，就是用句子把文章的主要观点写出来。 3．成文
文章的组织结构：一定要按所列提纲写。一般分为开头、正文、结尾3部分 （1）开头；如引语法、主题句法、提问法、事例法、描述法等。 常用句式：
① There is an old /popular saying /proverb which says /goes…..
② Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the importance/ seriousness of …
③There are different opinions among people as to …Some believe … Others, however, disagree with it. They think…
④….has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought us a of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. ⑤ One of our ancient philosophers said, …..Chinese people have always been holding this idea to be one of their standards of morality. (2) 主体： 要注意启承转合，常用句型：
① On the contrary, there are some people in favor of ……. They believe …..Moreover, they think…..
② There are many ways to ….. First, _____. Second _____. Finally, ______. ③ Confronted with______, we should take a series of effective measures to _____. For one thing, ____. For another, ______. Finally, _______. (也可用于结尾) ④ Although the popular belief is a fact, a current study(survey/investigation) indicates that... (3) 结尾
总结文章的主要内容，或者提出希望或展望未来，或者对文章提出的观点进行反问，启发读者思考。如：An open China has realized the importance of business. Why should we give up this opportunity and rely on agriculture? 常用句型：
① From what has been discussed /mentioned above, we may conclude that… ② Therefore, it is not difficult to draw /come to the conclusion that…. ③ Only in this way/ in doing so, can sth. be really ….
④ Given the reasons /consideration I have just outlined/ discussed/ presented, I strongly recommend that …..
无论是何种类型，英语（二）作文基本上是三段式作文，根据不同的类型，三段的写法不同。所用的模式也不同。
二、各类型作文的写法和常用句型
（一）图表 / 看图作文
1. 写作模式：描述图表/图画-分析图表/图画-总结全文（也可以展望未来或发出倡议或表明自己的态度） 2. 常用句型：
（1）表示说明的开篇句式：
As we can see from the chart / graph / table/ picture…
The chart/graph/ table displays/ illustrates/ describes/ indicates/ points out that …
It is clear/ apparent from the chart/ table/ graph that… The figures/ statistics in the chart reflect/ show/ reveal that … The table/chart /graph shows (that) …
According to the table/chart /graph, … As is shown in the table/chart /graph, …
As can be seen from the table/chart/ graph/picture, … It can be seen from the figures/statistics that … We can see from the figures/statistics that … As we can see in this picture, … This picture shows that … （2）描述图表的句式：
A takes up/ occupies/ accounts for 20% of the total population/ output/ income/ expenditure/ consumption.
On the top of the list is…, which accounts for 60%. On the bottom is …, which takes up 20%. Compared with A, B has a higher percentage. A is second to B. （A仅次于B。）
There was a very slight/ small/ slow/gradual/ steady/ marked/ large/ sharp/ rapid/ sudden/ dramatic rise/ increase/ drop/ decrease/ decline/ fall/ reduction in 2008.
The number of…declines/rises by …% from… to… The number of… remains steady/ stable/ the same… The price leveled off. （3）表明个人观点的句式
As has been shown above, we can safely say that … As far as I am concerned, … To the best of my knowledge, … As to me, ….
In my view / opinion, … （4）表示总结概括的句式
In conclusion / In summary / In a word / In a nutshell / In brief, … 3. 例文：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How Are Working People Doing Physical Exercises? You should write 150 words or so and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below. 1. 描述下列图表所表达的信息; 2. 谈谈你对此现象的看法. 3．根据此现象提出建议
Sample writing:
As we can see from the chart, on the top of the list is the number of working people seldom doing physical exercises, which accounts for 60%. What follows are working people doing exercises once a month at a percentage of 25%. On the bottom is the number of people doing regular exercises, which takes up only 15%. Although more and more working people are realizing the importance of physical exercises, they cannot spare their limited time to do some exercises because of the heavy burden of supporting their families on their shoulders. Apart from that, their daily lives at the office cannot provide them with the exercise their body needs. Lack of physical exercises is one of the main contributing factors to poor health among the working people.
In order to stay healthy and concentrate on their work more efficiently, all people, especially working people should take some physical exercises. Society should encourage people to take exercises regularly. The problem of insufficient exercises among working people should be solved as soon as possible. (174 words) （二）对立观点型作文
1. 写作模式：引出话题-摆出两种观点-我的观点 2. 常用句型：
（1）点明主题的常用句型
The issue of whether… or not has been widely argued/ debated about. …has become a hot topic among people
When it comes to …, people will have a heated discussion. （2）具体介绍两种对立观点的常用句式
Some people suggest/ hold the opinion that… But / However/ Nevertheless/ other people hold a different point of view.
Some people are inclined to think that…On the contrary, there are many people who won't agree, and they claim… （3）陈述自己观点的常用句式
In my eyes/ view/ As to me/ To the best of my knowledge/ As far as I am concerned… I'm in favor of…/ I am on the side of/ My favor goes to the former/ latter opinion to some extent. The main reason is that… Furthermore…
There is probably some truth in both arguments, but I prefer …to… In my opinion, both sides are partly right. When we… we should take into consideration all aspects of the problem and then make the right decision. Considering one after another, I stand on the side of the latter opinion. As to me, I prefer the former one. 3. 例文：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Do \or so and you should base your composition the outline below. 1. 有些人认为某些数字会带来好运。 2. 有些人认为运气与数字无关。 3. 我认为…… Sample writing:
Do \
When it comes to whether lucky numbers can bring good luck, people will have a heated discussion. It's very common to see that some people will spend a large sum of money on numbers like \for their cars without any reluctance.