第一单元 翻译概论 巴别塔典故 1.1 翻译的目的 1.2 翻译的分类
Exercise of Foreignizing & Domesticating Translations
To kill two birds with one stone All roads lead to Rome
1.3 翻译史简介 1.4 翻译的标准
1.5 翻译的主体原文——译者——译文”是翻译界公认的三元关系。从这个三元关系可以看出，译者“既是原发语篇的接受者，又是目的语篇的创造者，处于‘上情下达’的中间、核心地位
第二单元 英汉对比 2.1 英汉语言对比
? 试译以下这个简单的句子：
A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.
[参考译文1] 一种方言被这间屋子里的每一个语言学家所懂得。
[参考译文2] 有一种方言这间屋子里的每一个语言学家都懂得。 “主语——谓语”结构转换成汉语的“主 题——评论”结构。 现在请大家通过翻译以下的简单句子熟练掌握这一技巧 1.I would not believe what he said. 2.I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting. 3.I know Mr. Wang. 4.He is the best singer. 参考译文 1.他的话，我可不信。 2.会上讲了什么，我一点没记住。
3.王先生我认识。
4.唱歌，他是最棒的。
2.1.2 形合与意合 试比较以下的英汉句子 1. Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him.
跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。
2. Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell.
打死我也不说。
3. Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
4. If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
5. We will not attack unless we are attacked. 人不犯我，我不犯人。
翻译以下几个句子掌握英汉语言的形合与意合
1. As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.
2. My sister was expecting me, so I had to go now.
3. A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.
4. We knew spring was coming as we had seen a robin. 2.1.3 树状与竹状
英语的词组与词组、句子与句子之间结构关系和逻辑联系必须交代得十分清楚。因此英语句子结构呈树状，往往有一主干（复合句中的主句或简单句中的某主要成分），主干上枝蔓横生：句子成分随时可加以修饰，而修饰语中的某成分又可被别的成分修饰。由此往往形成长句。 汉语句子结构呈竹节状，逐节（短语或小句）展开。汉语的句子可以在同一施事或主题语之下按逻辑顺序铺陈，虽然小句间有逗号隔开，但语句的联系仍是紧密的。这样，汉译时经常由英语的树状转化为汉语的竹节状。 例如：The boy, who was crying as if his heart
would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days. [参考译文] 男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我
问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。 特别注意句子的主干和连接部分的翻译 1. The moon is so far from the earth that even
if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have been invented.
2. Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was buried under a stone which described him as he had wished to be remembered as the author of the Declaration on Independence and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and the father of the University of Virginia. 参考译文
1. 月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大象在跑来跑去，我们用已经发明的最高倍率的望远镜也不能看到它们。
2. 1826年杰斐逊逝世。按他生前遗愿，在他墓地的石碑上刻着：独立宣言和弗吉尼亚州信教自由法令的作者，弗吉尼亚大学创建人之墓。
2.1.4 静态与动态
英语每个句子中只能使用一个限定式动词(Finite verb)，唯一例外形式是并列句动词谓语；而汉语中却存在着“连动式”和“兼语式”，
英语的限定动词只能做谓语，而汉语中的动词（包括动宾词组、主谓词组等）无处不在，不仅做谓语，也可以做主语
英语是“静态”的语言，而汉语则是“动态”的语言
因此，在英译汉时常常要变“静”为“动”，
摆脱名词化的框架和大量介词的干扰，突出原文的动态色彩
请翻译以下几条标识语 1. Admittance Free 2. Out of Bounds
3. No Admittance Except on Business 4. Danger of Death – High Voltage! 再翻译以下几个句子，看怎样变原文的“静”为译文的“动”。
5. Party officials worked long hour on meagre food, in old caves, by dim lamps. 6. What film will be on this evening?
7. He walked around the house with a gun. 8. A study of that letter leaves us in no doubt
as to the motives behind it.
9. The very first sight of her made him fall in love with her.
2.2 英汉文化对比 2.2.1 文化心理
中国人看到或使用“红（色）”一词时，经常跟喜庆、欢乐、荣耀、革命之类的意义 西方人对red一词的联想除了有喜庆、欢乐的一面之外，却也有暴力、流血的一面 中文有“红人”一词，而西方人却不具备这种感情色彩，在他们的思维中，a faired hair girl（金发女郎）必会受到上司的青睐，故而常用它比喻受宠的人。
在汉语言中，妻子有外遇，戏称给丈夫戴了绿帽子，若按字面直译为green cap西方人是无法理解的，这在英语中叫a cuckold。 2.2.2 文化价值
古希腊罗马文明是欧洲文化的起源,与海洋的渊源造就了开拓创新、崇尚商业和航海的特点，中世纪基督教的产生与传播奠定了文化的宗教传统，英语文化就是在这样的背景下成长起来的。
后来，文艺复兴(Renaissance)、工业革命(Industrial Revolution)、启蒙运动(Enlightenment Movement)、宗教改革(Religious Reform)以及美国的独立战争(American Independent War)唤醒了资产阶级对于自由、平等、民主思想的追求，个人至上的思想深入人心
“耕读传家”成为理想的家庭模式。“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”是中国文人的追求 中国文化的精神基础是伦理的而不是宗教的
2.2.3 风俗习惯
?
2.3 英汉思维对比 2.3.1 思维方式
中国传统的有机整体的思维模式语言上表现多以“人”作主语，大量使用主动语态。
英语民族传统上以自然为认知对象在语言上的体现就是主客观严格区分，大量使用被动句。 2.3.2 正反与虚实
请看下面的译例
I have read your articles, but I expect to meet an older man.
[原译] 我读过你的文章，我料想会见到一个年纪更大的人。
[改译] 我读过你的文章，但没料想你会这样年轻。
A seaman knows that the sea is all-powerful and can, under certain circumstances, destroy man and the product of his brain and hand, the ship.
[译文] 水手们都知道，大海的威力是势不可挡的；在某些情况下，它能把人及人所制造的船只统统摧毁掉。(正说反译)
“Mine! Mine!” They would shout at the pretty rainbows that are down to the earth, seeming never very far away.
[译文] 他们会冲着那从天际弯弯地挂向地面的，看来好像伸手可及的美丽彩虹大声呼喊：“哎呀!哎呀!”(反说正译)
? 需要注意的是，正说反译和反说正
译并不是放之四海而皆准的，请看下面的例子：
? He was not displeased with her
honesty?it took a certain amount of experience in life, an courage, to want to do it quite that way.
[译文1] 他倒是喜欢她这么直来直去……有点生活经验、又有点胆量的人才敢这么做。
[译文2] 他对于她的直率没有感到不快……有点生活经验、又有点胆量的人才敢这么做。
虚实转换是指词汇抽象概念与具体意义的相互转换。 请看下面的例子
? Wisdom prepares for the worst; but
folly leaves the worst for the day it comes.
[译文] 聪明人防患于未然，愚蠢者临渴掘井。
[分析] 抽象名词wisdom, folly对于习惯于抽象思维的英美读者来说，词义明确，措辞简练；
但对于习惯于具象思维的中国读者来说将这些抽象名词所表达的抽象概念具体化。 Because of the circuitous and directional flow of waterways, railways often have energy advantage over barges.
【1] 由于水流的弯曲和具有方向性，铁路比驳船更具有节能优势。
[译文2] 由于河道迂回曲折且水流具有方向性，铁路运输对于水运而言，常常具有节能优势。
1. Memory, as time goes on, is a selective thing.
2. The subversion attempts proved predictably futile.
3. The guerrillas would fight to death before they surrendered.
4. We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.
5. It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.
6. The custom-made object, now restricted to the rich, will be within everyone’s reach. 7. In the end things will mend.
8. He wanted to learn, to know, to teach. 9. These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly in a few words.
10.Rockets have found application for the exploration of the Universe.
2.3.3 褒贬与曲直 请看下面的例句
? The irony is that Mrs. Gandhi
presides over a nation with a highly promising long-term potential but which is saddled with equally difficult current problems.
[译文1] 具有讽刺意味的是，甘地夫人掌管的国家，从长远的观点来看，是一个大有希望的国家，但在目前却具有难以克服的困难。
[译文2] 颇为耐人寻味的是，从长远的观点来看，甘地夫人掌管的国家是大有希望的，但目前却有着难以克服的困难。 [分析] 通读全句，这里的irony并没有“具有
讽刺意味的”含义，也不能翻译为“嘲弄人的”
She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.
[译文1] 她被执著的电话铃声搞得心烦意乱。
[译文2] 她被没完没了的电话铃声搞得心烦意乱。
All the inventors have a restless mind. [译文1] 所有的发明家都生性好动。
[译文2] 所有的发明家都有一个思想活跃的头脑。
1. He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved. 2. He lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.
3. Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.
4. The film actress appeared in all her glory at the ball.
5. He is always saying the usual polite nothings.
When John was two years old, he was impossible, a typical “Terrible Two”. He was destructive and stubborn.
[译文1] 约翰两岁时变得异常调皮，是个不折不扣的“第二号可怕人物”。他固执，常常损坏东西。
[译文2] 约翰两岁时变得异常调皮，是个不折不扣的“两岁魔王”。他固执，常常损坏东西。
[分析] 译文1的“第二号可怕人物”不知所云，英语的Terrible Two来自于典故，当然译文没必要全部解释，如译文2那样用“魔王”来体现也可。
6. With determination, with luck, and with the help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes.
7. The Universe is not rich enough to buy the vote of an honest man.
8. It seems that a very difficult decision now faces him.
9. Anger and bitterness covered upon me for weeks.
2.3.4 直率与含蓄
? I am very happy to receive your
message of greetings.
? The two sides found it beneficial to
have this opportunity to present to one another their views on a variety of issues.
[译文] 接到你的贺信，我十分愿意。 [译文] 现在有机会互相介绍彼此对各种问题的观点，对此，双方认为是有利的。 2.3.5 客体与主体
英语多用无生命的名词作主语，主动和被动两个范畴始终泾渭分明；而汉语常以有生命的名词作主语(或潜在的主语)，
例如：American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson.
Memoranda were prepared in advance of private meetings on matters to be discussed. 试翻译以下几个句子，尽量符合汉语的表达习惯。
1. An idea suddenly struck me.
2. American English owes a great deal to Noah Webster, an American lexicographer and writer.
3. Her good work and obedience have pleased her teacher.
2.3.6 逻辑与感悟
? 让世界了解中国，让中国走向世界。 Let the other people of the rest of the world know China. Let China make close contact with the rest of the world. 2.3.7 抽象与具体 英语常用大量的抽象名词来表达实的概念。如The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments. (= No news is good news. 没有消息就是好消息。） ? No one is satisfied with his favoritism
in his work.
[译文1] 没有人对他在工作中的偏爱感到满意。
[译文2] 对他在工作中表现出来的徇私作风谁都感到不满意。
? Any discourtesy shown to Chinese
persons by any official of the Government will be cause for immediate dismissal.
[译文1] 任何政府官员对华人的不敬都将构成直接被开除的原因。
[译文2] 任何政府官员，如果对中国人有任何粗暴行为，必须立即予以开除。 译文1按照原文的结构直译，但是不符合汉语的思维习惯，译文2从“官员”入手，比较符合汉语的语言和思维习惯。
1. A son, a job and housekeeping forced romance out.
2. But there had been too much publicity about my case.
3. The complexity of the human situation and the injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches.
2.3.8 整体与局部
英语的句子往往是以形来统句，一个句子往往是一个支点，其他的部分围绕着这一支点
展开，逻辑关系明确，语法条理清晰，构成
一个形态的整体；而汉语则是以意辖界，意
尽为界
分析句子
? The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light small bulbs, even to run electric motors, is almost unbelievable. [译文1] 鱼能发出其电量足以点亮小灯泡, 甚至能开动马达的想法简直是令人难以相信的。 [译文2] 鱼能发电，其电量足以点亮小灯泡，甚至能开动马达，这种想法简直是令人难以相信的。 The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media. [译文1] 由于距离远和交通工具缺乏所造成的农村社会的隔绝由于通讯工具的不足而变得更加严重。 [译文2] 因为距离远，交通工具缺乏，使农村社会与外界隔绝。这种隔绝，由于通讯工具的不足，而变得更加严重。 注意整体与局部的关系
1. They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.
2. Incidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can possibly get here in the United States.
3. The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.
4. She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the kitchen. 2.3.9 分析与综合
综合型的思维方式使得汉语重意合 分析型的思维方式使得英语重形合，词形变化明显，语法形式多样，组词造句多用连词、关系词、分词、动名词及不定式等。
英语往往开门见山地讲出一个句子的核心内容，然后再条分缕析的依次阐述；而汉语则习惯于层层推进，往往把重要的信息归纳在句尾。
There are several reasons why Kissinger no longer appears to be the magician the world press had made him out to be, an illusion which he failed to discourage because, as he would admit himself, he has a tendency toward megalomania. [译文1] 有几个原因可以说明为什么基辛格不再看起来像全世界报界渲染得那样是个魔术师，他不愿打破这样的幻觉，因为，他自己承认，他有一种自大狂的倾向。 [译文2] 全世界报界曾经把基辛格渲染成魔术师般的人物，他也没有阻止人们制造这种错误印象，因为正如他自己愿意承认的，他有一种自大狂的倾向。现在他不再像是这样的人物了，这有几个原因。 请翻译以下的句子 1. He had a sound feeling that idiom was the backbone of a language and he was all for the racy phrases.
2. Somebody lied, if he said my life is a happy little tale, or he told you I’m just an ordinary guy in the world.