3. The theory is of great importance that the hotter the body is, the more energy it radiates. 第三单元 词汇翻译 3.1 判断词义
3.1.1通过查阅字典等工具书来确定词义
? What you have always wanted until
now has been a set, steady, constant purpose. I therefore exhort you to persevere in a thorough determination to do whatever you have to do as well as you can do it. I was not so old as you are now when I first had to win my food, and do this out of this determination, and I have never slackened in it since. 例子中的wanted是一个多义词，在此处作为及物动词用。根据《英汉大词典》，want作及物动词的释义包括：1.要；想要；希望；2. 缺少，缺乏；3. （主英）需要；4. 想见，要求（某人）到来，想与（某人）谈话，想用（某人）；5.缉拿，追捕；6. 感到缺少；7. <口>（后接不定式）应该。分析7个可供选择的释义，可以判断得出第二项释义是wanted在此处的最恰当的含义。 sanction做单数用时意为“认可、批准、支持”，只有复数形式才表示“制裁”。例如： ? Official sanction has not yet been given.
[参考译文]尚未获得正式批准。
? The British and the French imposed
sanctions on Italy in 1935.
[参考译文]英法两国在1935年对意大利
实施制裁。
3.1.2通过分析句子、句群的语法结构来判断词义
? He took charge of his failing father
and after a time obtained permission for his sister to live with him. Her malady frequently returned, but always with due warning, when brother and sister would be seen walking together to the asylum, both weeping bitterly.
? 文中failing常见的意思是“失败的”，
但是此处failing father是否就是“失败的父亲”之意呢？分析句子的语法结构可看出，failing father是took charge of的宾语，而took charge of在这里是“看管，照顾”的意思，“看管失败的父亲”似乎意思上不太合逻辑，因此，failing不是作“失败的”解，而是指“衰败的”，在这里可适当调整翻译成“风烛残年的”
［参考译文］此后，他即照顾风烛残年的她的疾病经常
? 通过对句子的句法分析来判断词语含义在翻译长句时尤其常用。例如： ? Few expected to see so large a man: he is gigantic, a six feet four at least; few expected to see so old a person; his hair appears to have kept silvery record over fifty years; and then there was a notion in the minds of many that there must be something dashing and ―fast‖ in his appearance, whereas his costume was perfectly plain, the expression of his face grave and earnest, his address perfectly unaffected and such as we might expect to meet with in a well-bred man somewhat advanced in years. [参考译文]很少人预料见到如此高大的一,身高至少也有六呎四吋。他的”的样子，但是，相反的是他衣着十分他具有我们可能遇到的年高德劭者
? 由此可见，分析句子、句群的语法关系能够帮助把握原文作者的思维逻辑，从而能够准确判断词语的意 父亲，且在一段时间之后，获准自精神病院中将他的姐姐接回与他同住。复发，所幸皆有征兆，此时人们见到他们姐弟二人相偕走向精神病院，双双泣不成声。 个人：他身材魁梧很少人预料见到年纪如此大的一个人，头发看起来已花白了五十多年。此外，在很多人的心目中，他的外表必定有些时髦和“放荡朴素，面部的表情严肃而诚挚，他的演讲十分自然，的特征。义，选择贴切的表达形式。 3.1.3通过分析上下文逻辑关系、篇章的整体效果等来判断词义
? 奥斯丁的名篇《傲慢与偏见》开篇
班内特夫人对丈夫说了这么一段话：
? Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs.
Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it that he agreed with Mr. Morris immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week. ［参考译文1］哦，亲爱的，你得知道，朗格太太说，租尼日斐花园的是个阔少爷，他是英格兰北部的人；听说他星期一那天，乘着一辆驷马大轿车来看房子，看得非常中意，当场就和莫理斯先生谈妥了；他要在米迦勒节以前搬进来，打算下个周末先叫几个佣人来住。
［参考译文2］嗨，亲爱的，你可要知道，朗太太说，租内瑟菲德庄园的是英格兰北边来的一个年轻人，有大笔家当；说他星期一坐了一辆驷马轿车来看了房子，一看就十分中意，马上跟莫里斯先生租妥，说要在米迦勒节以前就搬进去，而且他的几个佣人下个周末就要先住进去了。 3.2 选择用词
3.2.1要确切理解所选用词的含义
I write this note today because your going away is much upon my mind, and because I want you to have a few parting words from me to think of now and then at quiet times. I need not tell you that I love you dearly, and am very, very sorry in my heart to part with you.
今天我写这封短笺，一方面是因为你的离去萦绕我心，另一方面是因为要给你只字片
语，供你在宁静的时刻里，时而思量。我毋须告诉你，我爱你有多深，与你分离，我心惆怅不已。
3.2.2要注意所选用词的感情色彩和语体色彩
? It is my comfort and my sincere
conviction that you are going to try the life for which you are best fitted. I think its freedom and wildness more suited to you than any experiment in a study or office would ever have been; and without that training, you could have followed no other suitable occupation.
A plain man of the people, and extraordinary fortune attended him. He offered no shining qualities at the first encounter; he did not offend by superiority. He had a face and manner which disarmed suspicion, which inspired confidence, which confirmed good will. He was a man without vices. He had a strong sense of duty, which it was very easy for him to obey. Then, he had what farmers call a long head; was excellent in working out the sum for himself; in arguing his case and convincing you fairly and firmly. 他是一位平凡的人，但生逢其时（但有不平凡的际遇）。初次见面，人们看不出他有什么才华。他不会以优越惹人不快（盛气凌人）。他的容貌与举止消除（人们对他的）猜疑，激发（人们对他的）信心，而且肯定他的善意。他是一位行为端正的人。他具有强烈的责任感，（尽忠职守），对他来说易如反掌。他有着农夫们所谓的“长头”（即深具远见），擅长于找出问题的症结，他辩才无碍，使人们对他的论点坚信不疑。 3.2.3要慎用文言词和方言
? 请看Francis Bacon所作 Of Studies
以及王佐良先生的译文：
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is
in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. For expert men can exe-cute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar.
? You couldn’t expect her to throw her
arms round’ee, an’ to kiss and to coll’ee at once) (collar)
[参考译文]你总不能指望她一下子就抱着你又亲又啃吧？ 3.3 变换用词
3.3.1通过替换同义词、近义表达法来实现变化用词
The weather of summer is hot, while winter is cold and dreary. Both of these seasons are not for us to study. In the time of autumn, cold winds which are not at all pleasant generally blow. But spring has none of these drawbacks; the flowers bloom, the woods and grasses grow luxuriantly. The weather is mild and the air is balmy. In fact, this season seems full of good things and better fitted to be the time for doing something.
3.3.2通过转译实现变化用词 ? 转译，包括把英语名词翻译成汉语的动词、形容词或者副词；把英语的形容词翻译成汉语的副词、动词或者名词；把英语的副词翻译成汉语的名词、动词或者形容词；把英语动词翻译成汉语的名词或者副词；把英语介词翻译成汉语的动词等。转换词性，就增加了词汇选择的可能性，从而达到丰富用词，增加译文的文采。 The Presidency is an eighteen-century invention up against the problems of the late twentieth; it has never been as
all-powerful as a generation of civics texts made it seem, and it has been further reduced by the reaction—some say overreaction—to its Empire Period under Johnson and Nixon.
[参考译文]总统的职务是在18世纪创立的，而现在面临的却是20世纪末的问题。这个职位从来没有像历代的公民学教科书中所描绘的那样权威赫赫；而且，经过约翰逊和尼克松两个王朝所得到的反应——有些人说那是过火的反应——使它已遭到进一步削弱。
? She tries to calm her daughter with a
faint smile and gentle caress of her hair.
[参考译文]她淡淡地微笑着，温柔地爱抚着女儿的头发，让她平静下来。 用本节所学技巧翻译下列句子
1. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current.
2. The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance.
3. We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.
4. He had the kindness to show me the way. 5. I had the fortune to become a teacher.
6. This little present is a token of our friendship.
7. While no one questioned his word, he was never a financial success.
8. The railway bridge is still under construction.
9. His suggestion is that we should set out before 8 o’clock. 3.4词语搭配
3.4.1并列关系的词语搭配 ? 首先，表示不同等级的词语不能并列，因为它们有包含与被包含的关系。 ? The pictures that linger in his mind, called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new-mown hay, are of a simpler nature. A little cottage nestling amidst the wayside trees, the blue smoke curling up against the green, and a bower of roses round the door; or perhaps a village street of which the name has been long forgotten, with its rambling old inn, and, a little distance away, the hoary, grey church-tower in its township of tombstone—there are the pictures of old England that are carried away to other climes. 3.4.2偏正关系的词语搭配 从词义的搭配上看，偏正关系就是修饰与被修饰的关系，修饰语对中心语起限制或者修饰的作用，修饰语在意义上必须能与中心语配合，否则就不合情理 We have achieved much because we have built on each other’s successes. We have been open to new partnerships, to new projects, to new ideas, and to new horizons. And above all, we have joined together as a Pacific community, turning a great ocean into a bridge, not a barrier, between nations.
? “浩瀚的海洋”更能体现原语的气势，显得形象具体。 汉语修饰词习惯放在中心词之前，而英语则在很多情况下把较长的修饰语放在中心词之后 The list of candidates being talked about in Washington and on Wall Street is half what it was before the Nov. 2 election, when prominent Democrats such as former Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin were considered hot prospects had Massachusetts Sen. John Kerry won the White House.
3.4.3动宾关系的词语搭配 动宾关系是一种支配与被支配关系。其中的动词是否能支配后面的对象 Never take a mean advantage of any one in any transaction, and never be hard upon people who are in your power. Try to do to others as you would have them do to you,
and do not be discouraged if they fail sometimes. It is much better for you that they should fail in obeying the greatest rule laid down by our Savior than that you should.
[参考译文1]在交易中，决不要捉弄任何人，也决不要对待你的部属严苛。你要别人怎样对待你，你就要怎样对待别人。即使他人有时失败，你也不必气馁。宁可别人不遵守我们救世主的最伟大的法规，但你必须遵从。[参考译文2]在处理任何业务时，决不要占任何人便宜，也决不要苛刻对待你的部属。你要别人怎样对待你，你就要怎样对待别人(己所不欲，勿施于人)。如果他们有时亏待你，你也不必气馁。宁可别人不遵从我们救世主订下的最伟大的法规，你自己也不能违背。
take advantage of sb.字典意思为“捉弄某人”， 参考译文1按照字典意思翻译，显然与原文意思不合，此处是动词与宾语的搭配不合情理。而fail文中作不及物动词，后面不需要带宾语，但是翻译成汉语时由于意义的搭配，必须加上宾语。而参考译文2根据原文的思想把take advantage of sb.译为“占任何人便宜”，给fail搭配上宾语，译为“亏待你”，搭配合理，意思完整。 当多个动词同时支配同一个宾语，或一个动词同时支配多个宾语时，要注意动词与宾语的一一搭配，每一个搭配都要合乎情理，避免出现搭配不当的毛病。 3.4.4主谓关系的词语搭配 从语义搭配上看，主谓关系就是陈述与被陈述的关系。主语是陈述的对象，谓语表示陈述的内容，陈述的内容必须与陈述的对象相符 Mouth cancer was once considered to mostly affect older men, but it is now becoming more common in younger people and women. It is possible that binge-drinking and smoking could be helping to fuel rising rates of the disease as these are key risk factors.
[参考译文1]通常人们认为年纪大一些的人更容易患口腔癌。但从目前情况看，越来越
多年轻人也患上该病。过度饮酒和抽烟可能帮助了该病在年轻人中的发病率，因为它们是导致该病的主要因素。
[参考译文2] 过去一度认为那些年纪大一些的人更容易患口腔癌，但从目前情况来看，该病在年轻人中正呈现出与日俱增的发展趋势。医生们经研究认为，年轻人过度饮酒和吸烟可能是导致口腔癌在该群体中发病率节节上升的两个“帮凶”。 3.5 特殊词汇翻译 3.5.1 人名地名 音译法是人名地名翻译的基本原则。 3.5.2 俗语俚语
to go to sleep 长眠
to be no more 没有了，不在了 to close one’s eyes 闭眼，瞑目 to log down one’s life 献身 to expire 逝世
to pass away与世长辞 to breathe one’s last 咽气 to go west 命赴黄泉
to pay the debt of nature 了结尘缘
? 再如对妇女怀孕的不同表达： She is five months gone. 她怀孕5个月了 to wear the apron high不是围裙系得高高的，而是怀有身孕
to be in a delicate condition 不是处于碰不起的状态，而是怀有身孕的妇女 3.5.3 习语成语
*to be a parrot 鹦鹉学舌；人云亦云 *a sly old fox老奸巨猾的人；老狐狸 *stir up a hornet’s nest 捅了马蜂窝 *fish in troubled waters 浑水摸鱼 * turn a deaf ear to 置若罔闻 *to fish for praise 沽名钓誉 *a drop in the ocean 沧海一粟
*like father like son 有其父必有其子 *Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。 *To die on one's feet is better than to live
on one's knees. 好死不如赖活。
*Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。 *He who laughs last laughs best. 谁笑到
最后，谁笑得最好。
*Give knaves an inch and they will take a yard. 得寸进尺。
*as strong as a horse 强壮如牛 *bullshit 狗屁，胡说八道
*love me, love my dog 爱屋及乌 *to shed crocodile tears 猫哭老鼠
*to throw pears before swine 对牛弹琴 *as timid as a rabbit /chicken 胆小如鼠 *goose skin/flash 鸡皮疙瘩
*the black sheep of the family 害群之马 *the goose is cooked 生米已经煮成熟饭 *like a cat on hot bricks 热锅上的蚂蚁
*Live like cat and dog. 成天吵架。 *monstrous audacity 狗胆包天
* Like begets like. 龙生龙，凤生凤。 *A bull in a china stop 动辄闯祸的粗人 *A damned snobbish 狗眼看人低
* A dog with two tails 非常高兴，兴高采烈
*After a storm comes a calm. 否极泰来。 *He that respects others shall likewise be respected. 敬人者，人恒敬之。
*All good things come to an end. 天下无不散之筵席。
*Give a dog a bad name and hang him. 欲加之罪何患无词。 3.5.4 术语新词 ? 如fire既可作名词，又可作动词。作名词时，在文学的语境可能有“热情、激情”之意，如： His eyes were sparkled with fire. 他的眼睛闪耀着激情之光。 ? 而在科技文献中，fire作动词可以是“点燃、烧制、给（炉子）加燃料”等意思，除此之外，fire还可作“放枪；激动；解雇”等解释。 money bill 金融法案 real estate 房地产
money market 短期资金市场 game management 狩猎管理 treasury bonds 长期国债 time deposit 定期存款 idle loans 呆滞贷款，呆账 good governance 善政廉政 inventory 库存产品