(1)当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，其宾语从句的时态可以是任何适当的时态。如：
①She says(that)she works from Monday to Friday．她说她周一至周五上班。(从句是一般现在时)
②she says(that)she will leave a message on his desk．她说她要在他桌子上留个便条。(从句是一般将来时)
③She says(that)she has never been to Mount Emei．她说她从来没有去过峨眉山。(从句是现在完成时)
(2)当主句的谓语动词是一般过去式时，其宾语从句的时态一般要用适当的过去时态。如：
①He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon．他说昨天下午没有课。(从句是一般过去时)
②He said that he was going to take care of the baby．他说他会去照看这个婴儿。(从句是过去将来时)
③He said that they were having a meeting at that time．他说他们那时正在开会。(从句是过去进行时)
(3)当宾语从句是表达客观真理和规律的句子时，其时态仍旧用一般现在时。如：
①The teacher told us that nothing is difficult if we put our hearts into it．老师告诉我们世上无难事，只怕有心人。
②He said that light travels much faster than sound．他说光比声音传播得快。 特别提示
在使用宾语从句时需要注意下面几点：
(1)动词find，feel，think，consider，make，believe，guess，suppose，assume等后有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾语，而将that宾语从句后置。如：
①I think it necessary that we take plenty of boiled water every day．我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的。
②I have made it a rule that I keep diaries．我每天写日记成了惯例。
(2)hate，like，take，owe，have，take for granted等表示“喜欢；痛恨；认为”的动词或动词短语和see to表示“注意，留意”后有宾语补足语时，需要用it作形式宾语而将宾语从句后置。如：
①I hate it when they talk with their mouth full of food．我讨厌他们满嘴食物说话。
②When you start the engine，you must see to it that the car is in neutral．启动发动机时，一定要使汽车的离合器处于空档位置。
(3)介词后的宾语从句。如：
①She is always thinking of how she can do more for others．她总想着如何才能为别人做得更多。
②We are talking about whether we admit students into our club．我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部。
(4)宾语从句的否定转移。将think，believe，suppose，expect，fancy，imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。如：
①I don’t think I know you．我想我并不认识你。
②I don’t believe he will come．我相信他不回来。
(5) 在于表示命令、建议、要求等一类词后面的宾语从句谓语用 should +动词原形（insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, require, request, demand, desire ）
We suggested that the meeting (should) be put off. 考点3、表语从句 从属连词 that, whether, as if, as thought (不作成分） 连接代词 what, who, whom, whose, which, wh+ever （作成分） 连接副词 when, where, how, why.because （作状语） 1．连接词引导 ①The reason for his absence is that he hasn’t been informed．他缺席的原因就是他没接到通知。
②The question remains whether they will be able to help us．问题还是他们能否帮我们。
2．连接代词和连接副词引导
①The problem is who will take charge of this shop．问题是谁将接管这家店铺。 ②That is when I realized the importance of journalism．那时我才意识到新闻工作的重要性。
特别提示
(1)as/as if/as though引导的表语从句常跟在特定动词后面，
如seem，appear，look，taste，sound，feel等。常用虚拟形式，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式 (had done).如：
①It sounds as if someone was knocking at the door．听上去好像有人在敲门。 ②He speaks/ spoke as if he had known about it
(2)当主句的主语是reason时，表语从句一般由that引导，这种用法常见于句型The reason why…is that…。如：The reason why he came late was that he got up late．他来得晚是因为起床晚了。
考点4 同位语从句
同位语从句在句子中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词之后，说明该名词的具体内容。这些名词常见的有idea，fact，news，hope，belief，thought，doubt，promise，suggestion，order等。
1．通常用连词that引导同位语从句，that无词义，也不作句子成分，但不能省略。注意从句用陈述句语序。如：
①They expressed the hope that we would go and visit Shanghai again．他们表示希望我们再去访问上海。
②I have no idea that she quit her present job．我不知道她辞掉了现在的工作。 ③Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening．答应我，你今天晚上会来参加我们的聚会。
2．同位语从句还可以用whether，when，where，why，how等引导。如： ①The student asked me the question whether the book Was worth reading．学生问了我这个问题：这本书是否值得一读。
②I have no idea why he was excited at that time．我不知道当时他激动的原因。 1. 在suggestion / proposal / order / plan / advice / idea / request 等名词后的表语和同位语从句中要用“should＋动词原形”should可以省略． My idea is that we (should ) think it over before accepting it. 考点5 名词性从句需要注意的事项
1．that的用法。在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中that一般不能够省略；在宾语从句中有时可以省略，一般需要注意下面两点：
(1)当that从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。如：They share little in common except that they are from the same country．除了来自同一个国家之外，他们几乎没有共同点。
(2)当主句谓语动词后接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他的不省略。如：
I believe(that)you’ve done your best and that things will improve．我相信你已经尽力了，而且情况也会得到改善。
2．that与what的区别。that在从句中不能够充当句子成分，也没有含义；what可以在从句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语，意思是”什么，……的事情”。如：
①The hope that he may recover is not gone yet．他会康复的希望没有消失。(that不充当成分，也无含义)
②What he said proved to be true．他所说的话证明是正确的。(what作said的宾语，可以翻译为“……的话”)
3．定语从句与同位语从句的区别。定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制；而同位语从句是对从句前面的抽象名词作进一步的说明和解释。如：
①The news that our team has won the game was true．我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。(同位语从句，补充说明news到底是一个什么消息)
②The news that he told me yesterday was true．昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句，news在从句中作told的宾语)
③I made a promise that if anyone set me free 1 would make him very rich．我许诺如果谁让我自由，我就让他非常富有。
(同位语从句，补充说明promise的内容)
④The mother made a promise that pleased all her children．妈妈许下了一个令她的孩子们高兴的诺言。(定语从句，promise在从句中作pleased的主语)
高中英语必修四
考点一 主谓一致（ unit 1）
主谓一致(Subject- Verb Agreement)，指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如: He is going abroad.
They are playing football.
可分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致.
(一) 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数. 以下为注意事项:
1. 单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除
了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数.
如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质.
No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。
2. 用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数. 如:
The poet and writer has come.那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools.锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物)
用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
3. 不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如: Serving the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我最大的幸福.
When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided. 我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。
4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.
Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.
No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.
Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。 5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用复数.如: Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。
6. 若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。 但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如: Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球. More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到
More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。
7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如: None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。
None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。
8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数. 如:
His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。
9. 形复意单名词如:news ; 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Nights <天方夜谈>; 以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
10. “a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如:
Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如: One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点。 (二) 内容一致原则:
1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:
The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行车， 今天出售。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。 Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2. 不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如: A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。 3. 加减乘除用单数.如:
Fifteen minus five is ten . 15减去5等于10。
4. 表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们作为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如:
Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离。
5. (1) 通常作复数的集体名词. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数.如:
The British police have only very limited powers.
(2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.
(3) 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:
The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委员会决定解雇他。
6. the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如: The injured were saved after the fire. (三) 就近原则
1. 由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, (有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如:
2. 用连词or, either.... or, neither….nor, not only….but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。
注意: one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。
考点二 v-ing 的用法
定义：动名词是动词的一种非限定形式，兼有动词和名词的特征，它可以带宾语，也能被状语修饰。动名词接宾语或状语构成动名词短语。动名词有时态和语态的变化。