brought to U. S. life. One of the most important reasons so many people from all over the world come to live in the United States is the dream of a better job. Jobs are produced in abundance because the U. S. economic system is driven by competition. People believe that this system creates more wealth, more jobs, and a materially better way of life. The negative side of Henry Ford?s statement, however, can be seen when the word business is taken to mean big business. And the term big business－referring to the biggest companies, is seen in opposition to labor. Throughout U. S. history working people have had to fight hard for higher wages, better working conditions, and the right to form unions. Today, many of the old labor disputes are over, but there is still some employee anxiety. Downsizing－the laying off of thousands of workers to keep expenses low and profits high－creates feelings of insecurity for many.
1.The United States is a typical country____. A . where people's chief concern is how to make money B . which encourages free trade at home and abroad C . where all businesses are managed scientifically D . which normally works according to the federal budget
提交的答案:where people's chief concern is how to make money 正确答案:where people's chief concern is how to make money
题目详解:依据问题中?a typical country?的提示，从第2段第2句中?how much people in the United States think about business\看出\美国人主要关心的是怎样挣钱?提供的信息判断，选项中的\符合题义。
2.The influence of business in the U. S. is evidenced by the fact that__________. A . even arts and entertainment are regarded as business B . Americans of all professions know how to do business C . most newspapers are run by big businesses
D . even public organizations concentrate on working for profits.
提交的答案:even arts and entertainment are regarded as business 正确答案:even arts and entertainment are regarded as business
题目详解:依据问题中?evidenced by the fact that?的提示，从第2段最后一句中?is often
referred to as \?提供的信息判断，选项中的\符合题义。
3.According to the passage, immigrants choose to settle in the U. S. dreaming that _______ .
A . they will find better chances of employment. B . they will make a fortune overnight there C . they can be more competitive in business D . they can start profitable businesses, there
提交的答案:they will find better chances of employment. 正确答案:they will find better chances of employment.
题目详解:依据问题中?immigrants choose to settle in the U. S. dreaming that?的提示，从第3段第2句中?is the dream of a better job?提供的信息判断，选项中的\will find better chances of employment\符合题义。
4.Henry Ford's statement can be taken negatively because ____. A . there are many industries controlled by a few big capitalists
B . there is a conflicting relationship between big corporations and labor C . working people are discouraged to fight for their rights D . public services are not run by the federal government
提交的答案: public services are not run by the federal government
正确答案:there is a conflicting relationship between big corporations and labor
题目详解:依据问题中?Henry Ford's statement can be taken negatively?的提示，从第四段第1、2句中?The negative side、referring to the biggest companies, is seen in opposition to labor?提供的信息判断，选项中的\is a conflicting relationship between big corporations and labor\符合题义。
5.A company' s efforts to keep expenses low and profits high may result in ____. A . a rise in workers' wages
B . reduction in the number of employees
C . improvement of working conditions
D . fewer disputes between labor and management
提交的答案:reduction in the number of employees 正确答案:reduction in the number of employees
题目详解:依据问题中?A company' s efforts to keep expenses low and profits high?的提示，从最后一句中中?Downsizing － the laying off of thousands of workers?提供的信息判断，选项中的\符合题义。
Public distrust of scientists stems in part from the blurring of boundaries between science and technology, between discovery and manufacture. Most governments, perhaps all governments, justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise has brought in the past and will bring in the future. Politicians remind their voters of the splendid machines \new drugs to relieve old ailments (病痛), and the new surgical equipment and techniques by which previously intractable (难治疗的) conditions may now be treated and lives saved. At the same time, the politicians demand of scientists that they tailor their research to \the market\time. Dependent, as they are, on politicians for much of their funding, scientists have little choice but to comply. Like the rest of us, they are members of a society that rates the creation of wealth as the greatest possible good. Many have reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring, creative spirit.
In such circumstances no one should be too hard on people who are suspicious of conflicts of interest. When we learn that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with the company making it, we cannot be blamed for wondering whether his fee might conceivably cloud his professional judgment. Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm, some people may still distrust him because of his association with those who do, or at least wonder about the source of some his research funding.
This attitude can have damaging effects. It questions the integrity of individuals working in
a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue, and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing them as venal (可以收买的). This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements, but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as \The scientist most likely to understand the safety of a nuclear reactor, for example, is a nuclear engineer, and a nuclear engineer is most likely to be employed by the nuclear industry. If a nuclear engineer declares that a reactor is unsafe, we believe him, because clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it. If he tells us it is safe, on the other hand, we distrust him, because he may well be protecting the employer who pays his salary.
1.What is the chief concern of most governments when it comes to scientific research? A . The reduction of public expenditure. B . The budget for a research project. C . Support from the voters. D . Quick economics returns.
提交的答案: The reduction of public expenditure. 正确答案:Quick economics returns.
题目详解:由文章第一段第四句话“At the same time, the politicians demand of scientists that they tailor their research to 'economics needs', that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are 'near the market' and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time. ”可知，政府要求科学家的研究工作必须适应经济的需求，对于与市场接轨，投资回报快的项目给予优先考虑，因此Quick economics returns.项的内容符合题意。其余选项与原文不符。
2.Scientists have to adapt their research to \A . translate knowledge into wealth B . pursue knowledge for knowledge's sake C . obtain funding from the government D . impress the public with their achievements
提交的答案:obtain funding from the government
正确答案:obtain funding from the government
题目详解:文章首段第五句话“Dependent , as they are , on politicians for much of their funding , scientists have little choice but to comply . ”指出，由于科学家的经费依靠政客的资助，那么科学家们只能满足政治家们的需求，也就是说，为了获得经费他们的研究必须满足“经济的需求”，故obtain funding from the government项的说法符合文义。
3.Why won't scientists complain about the government's policy concerning scientific research?
A . They know it takes patience to win support from the public. B . They are accustomed to keeping their opinions to themselves.
C . They think compliance with government policy is in the interests of the public. D . They think they work in an environment hostile to the free pursuit of knowledge.
提交的答案:They think they work in an environment hostile to the free pursuit of knowledge.
正确答案:They think they work in an environment hostile to the free pursuit of knowledge. 题目详解:由首段末句话“Many have reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring , creative spirit .”可知科学家们不抱怨的原因能是他们处于一种追求理解，追求创新充满敌意的氛围中，因此，他们只能保持沉默，故选项[They think they work in an environment hostile to the free pursuit of knowledge.]的内容符合文义。
4.According to the author, people are suspicious of the professional judgment of scientists because ______.
A . their pronouncements often turn out to be wrong B . some of them do not give priority to intellectual honesty
C . they could be influenced by their association with the project concerned D . sometimes they hide the source of their research funding
提交的答案:they could be influenced by their association with the project concerned 正确答案:they could be influenced by their association with the project concerned