【点睛】本题考查名词辨析。名词和动词及短语的考查是高考重点考查的知识点。本题语法上是一个同位语从句，从句that there is life on other planets in the universe是来解释说明前面所选择的名词。根据常识可以判断，宇宙中其它星球上存在生命只是一种可能性，目前无法证明，从而选出正确答案。 2. (2018·江苏) Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the _______ you’ve made.
A. assignment B. association C. acquisition D. assumption 【答案】D
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(2016·浙江) It is important to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payments may affect your ______.
A. condition B. income C. credit D. status 【答案】C
【解析】考查名词辨析。试题分析:句意:准时付电费很重要,因为付晚了会影响你的信用。 Condition条件; income收入; credit学分,信用(卡)。根据句意故选C。
4. (2016·天津) The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _____ of rain later tonight. A. effect B. sense C. change D. chance 【答案】D
【解析】考查名词辨析。试题分析：句意：天气预报说今天会是多云，后半夜可能有雨。A. 影响；B.感觉；C.改变；D.机会，可能性。故选D。
5. (2016·江苏) — Can you tell us your _____ for happiness and a long life? — Living every day to the full, definitely. A. recipe B. record C. range D. receipt 【答案】A
二、单句填空
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1. (2018·全国III) My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a ____66____ (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. 【答案】scientist.
【解析】考查名词。根据语境可知，我是一名研究动物的科学家。scientist科学家。
2. (2018·全国II)This switch has decreased ___66___ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people. 【答案】pollution.
【解析】考查词性转换。句意：这一转变减少了中国较大的湖泊和水库的污染，使人们的饮用水更加安全。has decreased后跟名词作宾语，故填pollution。
3. (2018·全国I) Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ____67____(cause). 【答案】causes
【解析】考查名词复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。空格处做from的宾语，前面有all可知，要用名词复数形式。故填causes。
4. (2018·浙江卷) Making Chinese ___56___(dish) is seen as especially troublesome. 【答案】dishes
【解析】考查名词。此处指中国菜，可数名词表示泛指应该用名词复数，故填dishes。
5. (2018·浙江卷) Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in ___64___(weigh) problems. 【答案】weight
【解析】考查名词。此处指体重问题，表示问题的类型，用名词修饰problems，故填weight。
三、单句改错
1. (2018·全国III) The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well. 【答案】mistake →mistakes
【解析】考查名词单复数。错误不是一个，所以要用复数。
2. (2018·全国II) When I was little, Friday’s night was our family game night. 【答案】Friday’s→Friday
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3.
(2018·全国II) After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room. 【答案】sort →sorts
【解析】考查名词单复数。all表示三者或三者以上，后用名词复数。故把sort改为sorts。
4. (2018·全国I) Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.
【答案】chicken→chickens
【解析】考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens of可知，其后用名词复数形式。
【对点测试】 一、单项选择
1．(2018·江苏盐城)—We’ve been destroying lots of forests every year.
—What a shame！We’ll be the________ of our own foolish behavior. A．challengers B．judges C．witnesses D．victims 【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。 句意：——每年我们都在毁坏大量的森林。 ——多可惜！我们将成为我们愚蠢行为的受害者。 A为“挑战者”； B为“法官， 审判员”； C为“见证人”； D为“受害者”。 结合语境可知选D。
2．(2018·江苏四市调)While visiting Europe, I was lucky to have the great ________of praying in a historic church that dates back to the early 12th century.
A．favour B．motivation C．equality D．privilege 【答案】D
【解析】favour 支持， 偏爱， 赞同； motivation 动机， 积极性， equality 平等； privilege 特权， 优待。 在访问欧洲的时候， 我有幸拥有在一座12世纪的教堂里祈祷的优待。 故选D。
3．(2018·南京、盐城模拟)Estella showed me the way with a candle. When she opened the side entrance, the________ of the daylight quite confused me.
A．trend B．rush C．crash 【答案】B
D．increase
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．(2018·江苏常熟中学)The CCTV show Chinese Characters Dictation Competition has taken the country by storm, which is partly designed to arouse people’s __________ in the Chinese language. A．responsibility B．significance C．enthusiasm D．disappointment 【答案】C
【解析】句意：中央电视台的节目《中国汉字听写大会》已席卷全国， 部分旨在激发人们在中国语言方面的热情。 responsibility 责任； significance重要性； enthusiasm热情； disappointment 失望；根据句意选C。
5. (2018·江苏涟水中学) In spite of the advanced medical technology, many Americans have no ________ to the good health care for poverty.
A. access B. entrance C. introduction D. devotion 【答案】A
【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：尽管有发达的医疗技术，很多美国人还是由于贫穷而无法享受到好的医疗保健。A. access接近；使用；B. entrance入口；C. introduction介绍；D. devotion献身，奉献。have (no) access to（无法）接近/获得，是固定短语。故本题答案为A选项，其余选项均不符合语境。
6. (2018·江苏启东中学) Thanks to the special chemical ________ of the soil in the mountainous area, this economic plant grows well there. A. composition B. competence C. construction D. conclusion 【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：由于山区里土壤的特殊化学成分，这种经济作物在那儿生长得非常好。composition构成；合成物；成分；competence能力；construction建造；conclusion结论。根据常识可知，这里指化学成分，A选项正确。
7. (2018·江苏南京师大附中) Dave was a ________. Because of his misconduct in class, the whole class had to stay after school.
A. wet blanket B. leading light C. black sheep D. dark horse 【答案】C
8.
(2018·江苏常熟中学) He entered the room, .
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A. his nose was red with cold B. and his nose red with cold C. his nose red with cold D. his nose been red with cold 【答案】C
【解析】考查独立主格结构。句意：他走进房间，鼻子冻得通红。his nose red with cold是独立主格结构作伴随状语，构成形式是：n.＋adj. 故选C.
9. (2018·江苏无锡一中) When you walk into any department store in Wuxi, chances are that you will see signs with a single digit number and the Chinese character zhe prominently displayed next to products that are on _____.
A. discount B. bargain C. sale D. reduction 【答案】C
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：当你走进无锡的任何一家百货公司时，在正促销的商品旁边你都会看到贴着醒目的促销牌子，上边会有数字和一个中国汉字“折”。A. discount打折；B. bargain交易；便宜货；C. sale销售；D. reduction减少。on sale“廉价出售”。根据句意，故选C。
10. (2018·江苏扬州中学) In the lecture, the professor told his students about how to write an _________ of a graduate paper, expressing the main argument. A. account B. application C. address D. abstract 【答案】D
二、单句填空
1. (2018·福建厦门大同中学) She had two low-sodium(钠) bacon ___43___(sandwich) with a diet soda for lunch. 【答案】sandwiches
【解析】考查名词的数。分析可知，她买了两个三明治，所用要用复数形式sandwiches。
2. (2018·广东中山一中等)In some classic Chinese novels, there are___45___ (describe) of charming women in red silk shoes. 【答案】descriptions
【解析】句意： 在一些经典的中国小说中，有关于穿着红色丝绸鞋的迷人女人的描写。此句是there be句型，根据谓语部分are，可知句子主语用名词复数，故答案为descriptions。
3. (2018·广东中山一中等)If you wear a dark dress in cold ___46___ (season), a pair of red shoes
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