2013年高考英语阅读专题
解题技巧与方法指导
概述
高考阅读理解题选材，一般遵循三个原则： 1. 文章一般为5篇（含信息匹配题），阅读量在2500单词左右； 2. 题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容；
3. 体裁多样，包括记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文、论述文等。因此，学会分析体裁的能力对我们做好阅读理解来说是非常重要的。由于不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次，所以我们可以根据这种特点来快速分析文章的体裁： ? 记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这
条主线，弄清who、what、where、why与how。
? 描写文通过细节的描写以画面的方式来反应事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅速弄清
其主题，主题词往往出现在各个句子里，贯穿文章的始末；紧围绕这个主题进行阅读，找到文章与之有关的信息，并确定信息与主题的关系。
? 说明文多见于科普文章，用以解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间
的关系，这类文体的文章，首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章的关注对象：弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式；把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。 ? 论述文的阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、态度。阅读论述文应该从文体
的写作和结构特点入手。
★ 文章的结构往往很容易把握，用主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词(signal words或transitional words)和关联词(referents来组织段落、文章.对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的；要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点，同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。
常见问题
1. 关于文章主旨和大意的问题
此类考题主要针对段落(或短文)的主题，主题思想，标题或目的，一般提问方式如下：
1) Which is the best title of the passage?
2) Which of the following is this passage about? 3) What is the main topic of the passage？ 4) The subject discussed in this text is _____
5) Which of the following best states the theme of the passage？ 6) The passage tells us that______. 7) The passage is meant to ….
8) This passage mainly talks about_______. 9) The passage is mostly about ____．
10) The passage is mainly concerned about ____．
11) The general/main idea of the passage is about ____．
12) The purpose of this article is to …
13) In this passage the writer tries to tell us that______. 14) In this passage the author discusses primarily ____． 15) The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to …
2. 关于文章事实和细节的问题
此类考题主要针对文章的细节，一般提问方式如下：
1) Which of the following is right?
2) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?
3) Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? 4) Which of the following is Not True in the passage? 5) Which of the following is not mentioned?
6) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? 7) The author mentions all of the following except . . .
8) The writer mentions all of the items listed below except ______. 9) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage? 10) Choose the right order of this passage. 11) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ... 12) The reason for . . .is . . . 13) From this passage we know that ________. 14) In the passage, the author states that ______.
3. 猜测词义的问题
此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。一般提问方式如下：
1) The word “ABC” in the passage probably means ________.
2) The underlined word “ABC” in the passage refers to/means _______. 3) Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？
4）The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____． 5) The word \（them）\．
4. 关于对全篇逻辑关系的理解、对文章各段、各句间逻辑关系的理解的问题
此类考题主要考查句语句之间，短语短之间的逻辑关系，一般提问方式如下：
1) Many visitors come to the writer’s city to ________.
2) Some shops can be built Dongfeng Square so that they may _____. 3) Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because _____. 4) Why did the writer get off the train two stops before Vienna station?
5. 关于推理和判断的问题
此类考题一般针对短文内容和考生应有的常识，文章中虽然没有明确的答案，但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。一般提问方式如下：
1) We can guess the writer of the letter may be a ______. 2) We can infer from the text that _______. 3) It can be inferred from the text that ______.
4) From the letters we’ve learned that it’s very ___ to know something about American social customs.
5) From the story we can guess ______. 6) From the text we know that ______. 7) What would be happy if …?
8) The story implies that ______.?
9) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be ___. 10) The writer’s attitude toward...is ______.? 11) The author implied（suggested）that．．． 12) It may be concluded from the passage that．．．
13) Which of the following statements does the passage support？ 14) With which of the following does the author agree？
6. 关于作者意图、观点或态度的问题
此类题目的主要提问方式是一般提问方式如下：
1) How did the writer feel …?
2) The author seems to think that ______.
3) The writer writes this text to ______. 4) The writer believes that ______. 5) The writer suggests that ______. 6) The author wants to appeal to _______ .
7) The writer is trying to present a point of view in ______. 8) The author’s style is ______ .
9) The author’s tone would be best described as _______ . 10) What is the author’s opinion of ______?
11) What is the author's main purpose in the passage? 12) In the author's opinion_________?
题目类型
A类题：可以直接从原文中找到答案的题目
A类题为拿分题 丢分原因：
1）凭印象做题，准确率低。
2）时间把握最容易出问题：忘记内容的时候往往会回到文章中去找答案，一篇文章往往要读好几遍。
A类题解题技巧：看清题目所问的内容之后，要在原文中划出原句，并标上题号。 这样做的目的：
1）做到万无一失，保证把该拿到的分数拿到手。 2）减少阅读文章的次数，争取宝贵的时间。
B 类题：不能够从原文中直接找到答案的题
需要经过分析、判断、推理之后才能解答的题。该类题是失分题，往往是出题人用来拉开学生梯度和层次的题。
B类题包括：文章主题和中心大意等，一般都是主旨题。 B类题解题技巧：
1、以原文为依据，不参杂个人意见，要客观不要主观。 2、答案是比出来的。答案不选对的，只选最好的。
因为，有时候四个答案都是对的。所以，当看到第一答案是正确的时候，也要
看后面的答案。遇到这种情况，往往有学生钻牛角尖。老师给学生解释的时候，也可以这样说：你的答案没错，但是另一个答案更好，更全面。答案不选对的，只选最好的。
比答案的原则是：好的>不知道的；不知道的>不对的。 3、注意绝对化的词。
如果答案选项中出现绝对化的词，比如：all，always，never，nothing，every 等等，除非文章当中使用了该类词汇，否则，一般都要排除。
比如，原文中出现了这样一个句子：Almost everyone likes the music. 答题时，要你判断如下这个句子正误（True or False）：Everyone likes the music. <——该句子应该是错误的。
4、答案要避免以点带面，以偏盖全。
尤其是多个选项都有道理，难以挑选正确答案的时候，要注意选择最符合题目
要求的一个。
5、“傻瓜”原则。
文章中没有提到的就当时不知道，不要枉自猜测，自作聪明。一切以文章内容
为准。
阅读理解解题步骤
1、第一步：先读题 2、第二步：读文章
3、第三步：解题
实战阅读方法
1 巧用主题句并依据主题句确定短文的中心
最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章(或一段文章) 通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此，理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。主题句一般具有三个特点：(1) 概括性强：表述的意思比较概括。(2) 结构简单：句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式。(3) 受它支撑：段落中其他的句子是用来解释、支撑或发展该句所表述的主题思想。在一篇短文或一个段落中，大部分主题句的位置情况有三种： 主题句在段首或篇首
主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍，其后的句子则是论证性细节。一般新闻报道、说明文, 议论文、科技文献等大都采用这种格式，即先总述，后分述的叙事方法。
例文1： All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物链). Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears.
例文2：People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant,
and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast--foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.
主题句在段末或篇末
主题句也会出现在段尾，即作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论 - 段落的主题。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的归纳总结或者所得出的结论。因此，在阅读这种文章时，要注意表述细节的句子通常在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。
例文1：If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes. 例文2：Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.
主题句在段落中间
当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展. 例文：Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand. A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.
无主题句
有时，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢？其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。
例文：Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted
bees to make more honey(蜂蜜). So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didn’t want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside.
Scientists could not control(控制) the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years.?
Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting(叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person.