鲤鱼网（www.iliyu.com）
写作 writing
一、 大纲解读
（一）评价目标：
考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。短文写作时，考生应能：
1） 做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当； 2） 遵循文章的特定文体格式；
3） 合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯； 4） 根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当使用语域。
（二）考试内容：
该部分由A、B两节组成，考查考生的书面表达能力。总分30分。
A节：考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。考生在答题卡2上作答。满分10分。
B节：要求考生根据提示信息写出一篇160－200词的短文（标点符号不计算在内）。提示信息的形式有主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。考生在答题卡2上作答。满分20分。
（三）评分原则和方法：
1、虽然A、B两节的考查要点有所不同，但对考生写作能力的基本要求是相同的，所以一般评分标准对两节都适用。但根据两节的不同考查要点，评分是会有不同的侧重点。
A节
应用文的评分侧重点在于信息点的覆盖和内容的组织、语言的准确性、格式和语域（指在书面和口语表达中根据不同的交际对象，所采用的话语方式，即正式、一般、非正式的话语）的恰当。对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题作调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现过的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分。
B节
B节作文的评分重点在于内容的完整性、文章的连贯组织性、语法结构和词汇的多样性及语言的准确性。
2、评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来给分。评分人员在档内有1－3分的调节分。
3、A节作文的字数要求是100词左右。B节作文的字数要求是160－200词。文章长度不符合要求的，酌情扣分。
4、拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时，视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。
5、如书写较差，以致影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。 A 主语
1) Taking a walk after supper will do you a lot of good.
1 鲤鱼网——成功在于执着
鲤鱼网（www.iliyu.com）
2) Getting everything ready in time is not easy. 3) Living in the countryside is good to your health. 4) Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. 5) Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.
1) To err is human, to forgive divine.
2) To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace. 3) To be flattered is not a good thing.
4) To acquire wealth is difficult, to preserve it more difficult, but to spend it wisely most difficult.
1) What I say and think are no business of yours. 2) That light travels in straight lines is known to all.
3) When the plane is to take off has not been announced. 4) Which plan is better is clear now.
1) It is a fact that...
2) It is good news that... 3) It is a question that... 4) It is likely that... 5) It is important that... 6) It has turned out that...
定语的多样化
1) It won't be long before we get over the serious crisis confronting us. 2) The substance, discovered by chance, has revolutionized medicine.
1) You are welcome to our Christmas party to be given in the classroom at 6:30 p.m. on December 25.
2) The meeting to be held next Monday will be important.
1) The American teacher spoke so slowly that everyone in the class could follow him. 2) People with creativity are seldom found nowadays.
1) The only reason why he did it was that he needed money.
2) One result of this emphasis on a college education is that many people go to college who do not belong there.
B 英语写作扩展的有效方法：
2 鲤鱼网——成功在于执着
鲤鱼网（www.iliyu.com）
1． 并列结构扩展法：
A. Extension by parallel of verbs
Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty. B. Extension by parallel of nouns.
A struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself.
C. Extension by parallel of adverbs
D. Extension by parallel of phrases
E. Extension by parallel of clauses: what……and what……; to which …..and
to which ; ……partly because …….and partly because…….
---and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world F. Extension by parallel of sentences And, so my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country.
My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but ask what together we can do for the freedom of man.
Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate.
Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of be laboring those problems which divide us. Let both sides , for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms
2． 正反对比扩展法
A. not…..but: To those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer
not a pledge but a request.
B. Living or dead; good or bad; add or detract; C. However, yet, not yet, but
D. United , there is little we can not do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided,
there is little we can do, --for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.
3． 总分结构扩展法
A. such as, for example, with, of
B. To us---- to my parents, my brother and sister and I, 4． 插入扩展法
A. Extension by generalization: in a large sense, in a certain degree
3 鲤鱼网——成功在于执着
鲤鱼网（www.iliyu.com）
B. Extension by concession: although, 5． 递进扩展法
A. in fact, indeed
B. furthermore, moreover, in addition 6． 列举法
First, second , third 7． 因果扩展法
8． 词的重复使用
Let both sides , for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms---and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations. 9.
(1)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe .
(2) In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.
(3) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. (4) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice
(5) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall”
(6) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
(7) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. (8)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
(9)Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” (10)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
4 鲤鱼网——成功在于执着
鲤鱼网（www.iliyu.com）
(11) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.
(12)Pearson has pieced together to work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
(13) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.
C Basic Writing Patterns in Exams 行文结构
对立观点型
(1) 行文：
错误！未找到引用源。一些人认为…… 错误！未找到引用源。另外一些人认为…… 错误！未找到引用源。我的看法
(2) 建议采用结构（原则：起、承、转、合）
错误！未找到引用源。描述现象 句 型：1) …has become a hot topic among people recently. Opinions vary from person to person. 2) Nowadays, people are divided on the question as to
whether…
3) Different people have different views on…
4) The issue of whether or not …has been widely argued
currently. 错误！未找到引用源。 , 错误！未找到引用源。 中 句 型：
1）Some people suggest / hold the opinion that…. However / while other people hold a different point of view.
2）When it comes to …, some people think / believe that….
However / while others claim that the opposite / reverse is true.
3）Nowadays, an overwhelming majority of people think
that….Nevertheless, there are still some people of the opinion that…
错误！未找到引用源。我的看法 句 型：1）As far as I am concerned, I would like to agree to the former
to some extent.
2）As to me, I would like to agree to the former to some extent.
5 鲤鱼网——成功在于执着