of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia (惯性) of the earth‘s climate. If this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter-balance to the sun‘s diminishing heat. 36. It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would
________.
[A] prevent the sun‘s rays from reaching the earth‘s surface [B] mean a warming up in the Arctic
[C] account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere [D] raise the temperature of the earth‘s surface 37. The article was written to explain ________.
[A] the greenhouse effect [B] the solar effects on the earth
[C] the models of solar-weather interactions [D] the causes affecting weather
38. Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere, temperatures there
seem to be falling. This is ________.
[A] mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising [B] possible because the ice caps in the poles are melting
[C] exclusively due to the effect of the inertia of the earth‘s climate [D] partly due to variations in the output of solar energy
39. On the basis of their models, scientists are of the opinion that ________.
[A] the climate of the world should be becoming cooler
[B] it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth‘s climate to take effect [C] the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effects [D] the new Ice Age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect
40. If the assumption about the delay of a new Ice Age is correct, ________.
[A] the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to burn more fuels [B] ice would soon cover the northern hemisphere
[C] the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the earth even
more quickly
[D] the greenhouse effect could work to the advantage of the earth
Text 3
Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if
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countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourages international brotherhood. Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests.
One country received its second-place medals with visible indignation after the hockey (曲棍球) final. There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match, the losers objecting to the final decisions. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents‘ victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said: ―This wasn‘t hockey. Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished.‖ The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years.
The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended in disturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won, by a single point, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and another player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the USA had ever lost an Olympic basketball match. An appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals. Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals, or in non-national teams, might be too much to hope for. But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.
41. According to the author, recent Olympic Games have ________.
[A] created goodwill between the nations [B] bred only false national pride
[C] barely showed any international friendship [D] led to more and more misunderstanding and hatred
42. What did the manager mean by saying, ―... Hockey and the International Hockey Federation
are finished‖?
[A] His team would no longer take part in international games. [B] Hockey and the Federation are both ruined by the unfair decisions. [C] There should be no more hockey matches organized by the Federation. [D] The Federation should be dissolved. 43. The basketball example implied that ________.
[A] too much patriotism was displayed in the incident [B] the announcement to prolong the match was wrong
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[C] the appeal jury was too hesitant in making the decision [D] the American team was right in rejecting the silver medals
44. The author gives the two examples in paragraphs 2 and 3 to show ________.
[A] how false national pride led to undesirable incidents in international games [B] that sportsmen have been more obedient than they used to be [C] that competitiveness in the games discourages international friendship [D] that unfair decisions are common in Olympic Games 45. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
[A] The organization of the Olympic Games must be improved. [B] Athletes should compete as individual in the Olympic Games.
[C] Sport should be played competitively rather than for the love of the game. [D] International contests are liable for misunderstanding between nations.
1993年
Text 1
Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.
All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.
Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.
Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.
Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man‘s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern ―toy-bear.‖ And even more incredible is the young brain‘s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of
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sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child‘s babbling (咿呀学语), grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child‘s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language. 31. The purpose of Frederick II‘s experiment was ________.
[A] to prove that children are born with the ability to speak
[B] to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech [C] to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak [D] to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language
32. The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that ________.
[A] they are incapable of learning language rapidly [B] they are exposed to too much language at once
[C] their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak [D] their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them 33. What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that ________.
[A] he is born with the capacity to speak [B] he has a brain more complex than an animal‘s [C] he can produce his own sentences [D] he owes his speech ability to good nursing
34. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?
[A] The faculty of speech is inborn in man.
[B] Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning. [C] The child‘s brain is highly selective.
[D] Most children learn their language in definite stages. 35. If a child starts to speak later than others, he will ________.
[A] have a high IQ [B] be less intelligent
[C] be insensitive to verbal signals [D] not necessarily be backward
Text 2
In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic (官僚
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主义的) management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and ―human-relations‖ experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue- and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.
The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.
Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again -- by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one‘s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.
Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century ―free enterprise‖ capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities -- those of love and of reason -- are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.
36. By ―a well-oiled cog in the machinery‖ the author intends to render the idea that man is
________.
[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual‘s function is negligible [B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society
[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning
smoothly [D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly 37. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ________.
[A] they are likely to lose their jobs
[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life
[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence [D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence
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