account the wider context within which translation takes place in the receiving culture. The Hallidayan influence of discourse analysis and systemic functional grammar has been predominant in the circle of translation studies, esp. in Germany. The late 1970s and 1980s also saw the rise of a descriptive approach that had its origins in comparative literature and Russian Formalism.
The growth of translation studies as a separate discipline is a success story of the 1980s. the subject has developed in may parts of the world and brings together work in a wide variety of fields, including linguistics, literary study, history, anthropology, psychology, and economics (Bassnett, 1993: i-ii) At the same time, translation studies have achieved institutional authority, manifested by and unprecedented proliferation of academic training programs, professional associations, publications and conferences.
The greatest achievement gained in the 1980s is the cultural turn, which looks at translation from the cultural studies angle. Translation Studies has begun to move closer to Cultural Studies, as it is increasingly incorporating ethnographical and anthropological methods.
The 1990s saw the incorporation of new schools and concepts, with Canadian-based translation and gender research led by Sherry Simon, the Brazilian cannibalist school promoted by Else Vieria, postcolonial translation theory with the prominent figures of ht Bengali scholars
Tejaswini Niranjana and Gayatri Spivak and the cultural-studies-oriented analysis of Lawrence Venuti, who concerns the visibility of the translator is linked not only to economic changes, to increased globalization and hence greater need for information that can cross linguistic and cultural frontiers, but to a change in the status of translation itself.
Globalization has become a “buzz word” in debates of social sciences and in the media. It is not just a word, but it denotes very real developments in today?s world, and even more so in the world of the 21st century. Since knowledge and methods from other disciplines have been integrated into translation studies, translation studies are increasingly recognized as an interdiscipline par excellence. Although most scholars today do agree that translation studies isn?t a sub-discipline of (applied linguistics), the questions ‘where do we stand’and ?where do we go?? are being discussed more and more vigorously.
In spite of that, we see two opposing directions of globalization and localization, which are equally related to what is going on within the discipline of how we deal with these different strands within our discipline. The ongoing linguistic versus cultural studies debate, which in not solved until the end of the last century and may be brought into the 21st century, seems to show that different approaches defend their comer and criticize other approaches, up to now, we are far from developing more and more agreement within
the discipline. Notes:
1. Western translation studies refer to those outside East-Asian countries, especially those from European countries.
2. Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-143BC) is probably the most famous Roman rhetor and rhetorician. His formulation of what has come to be known as ?Ciceronian Rhetoric? has dominated Western thinking on the subject.
3.
Pliny the Younger (61/62-113) is largely known for the ten books of
private letters he published on a wide variety of subjects. His Letter to Fusus Salinator (84CE?), written almost 150 years after Cicero?s books on the orator, adds two new ingredients to Cicero?s theory. The first is the nudging value of translating in both directions, an exercise Cicero never imagined; the second is open competition with the original writer, a kind of one-upmanship whose ultimate aim is the amassing of expressive capital.
4. 5.
Horace, was one of the greatest of all Roman lyric poets and satirists. St. Jerome (347-419), born to a wealthy Christian family in
Yugoslavia, was revered throughout the Middle Ages and well into the modern era as the ?official? translator of the Bible, the author of the Vulgate Latin translation that in matters of doctorial dispute took
precedence over all Hebrew and Greek texts until the 16th century and beyond.
6.
Martin Luther (1483-1546) was the founder of the 16th century
reformation. He was born and raised in the linguistic area of East Middle Germany where a normative language, a literary language of some sophistication, had already developed. His use of this East Middle Germany variant of literary German for his translation of the Bible encourages the further establishment and standardization of this form. 7. Etienne Dolet (1509-1546) a French humanist printer, translator and scholar, is often considered as the first martyr of the Renaissance, and specially as the first martyred translator。（多雷）
8. Abraham Cowley(1618-1667) is an English poet hugely admired in his own day as adapter of the Pindaric ode(品达尔体颂歌) to English poetry. 9.John Dryden (1631-1700) is the predominant English literary figure of his day; poet, dramatist, translator and critic. His reputation today as the first translation theorist reflects a movement in his remarks toward system.
10.Alexander Fraser Tytler (1747-1813) is a Scottish historian best known for his accessible syntheses of other people?s work. His Essay on the Principles of Translation is bland, inoffensive, unoriginal, but extremely accessible, and is often cited as the last expression of the Enlightenment spirit in the theory of translation.
11. Goethe (1749-1832）is one of the greatest of all German writers and the major figure in German Romanticism. His fragmentary, aphoristic remarks on translation may be found in his autography “Poetry and Truth”.
12. Jeremy Munday, a senior lecturer in Spanish in Department of Linguistic, Cultural and translation Studies and deputy of Center for Translation Studies (CTS), University of Surrey, UK, got his PhD at the University of Bradford, which he had been teaching there until he came to Surrey in 2000. his research interests are in DTS, style and ideology in translation, corpus-based translation studies, history of literary translators in the 20th century and interaction between the visual and written words in translation. His major publications include Introducing Translation Studies: theories and application (2001) and Translation: an advanced resource book (with Basil Hatim 2004) 13. James Holmes(1924-86) , poet, translator and one of the founding fathers of Translation Studies as an academic discipline, was born and raised on a farm in central Iowa, USA. He was educated at William Penn College, Haveford, and Brown University. In 1949, he went to Holland as a Fulbright exchange teacher to teach English at an international Quaker college. In 1950, he moved to Amsterdam, where he began to work as a freelance editor and translator of Dutch poetry. In 1956, he became the first non-native speaker of Dutch to be