英文科研论文写作简介
1. 引言
英文论文写作的前提是有创新研究成果，创新研究成果的关键是选题。“An acceptable primary
scientific publication” must be “the first disclosure”. 科研论文写作常出现的一个误区是：以为好论
文是“写”出来的，只要会写，论文总能被接受发表。其实，论文被发表只是结果，这个结果是和一系列科研环节密切相关的，论文写作只是其最后一个环节。在选择科研课题和工作切入点时，就需特别注意，一定要有创新内容，科学研究的灵魂是创新，重复别人的工作，从科研的角度来说，是没有意义的。值得注意的是，阅读有关英文科技论文，不仅可以了解研究进展和动态，而且，可以学会科技英文表达。同样，选题很好，研究工作做得不够细致、深入，也难有说服力，难以成为有价值的研究工作。由于本书只介绍英文科研论文的写作，不讲如何做研究，因此只介绍有了好的研究成果后如何写成合格的科研文章。
The goal of scientific research is publication. Scientists, starting as graduate students, are measured primarily not by their dexterity in laboratory manipulations, not by their innate knowledge of either broad or narrow scientific subjects, and certainly not by their wit or charm; they are measured, and become known (or remain unknown) by their publications.
A scientific experiment, no matter how spectacular the results, is not completed until the results are published.
Thus, the scientists must not only “do” the science but must “write” science. Bad writing can and often does prevent or delay the publication of good science.
2. 科研论文的一般格式。
科研论文，不象散文、小说那样形式可以千姿百态，而具有较为固定的格式。从某种意义上说，科研论文是“八股文”。
The IMRAD format.
What question (problem) was studied? The answer is the Introduction. How was the problem studied? The answer is the Methods. What were the findings? The answer is the Results. What do these findings mean? The answer is the Discussion.
其通常的组成和每部分的特点见表1。
表1 科研论文格式及其特点 组成部分名称 (按文章顺序) 题目 Title 特点或简要说明 10-20 words 简明，不必求全。 Brief. A complete sentence is not necessary. 作者信息 姓名 通讯作者：往往是固定研究人员或项目负责人。 单位地址 联系方式：E-mail地址、 传真、电话。 Authorship Corresponding author: Faculty member or principal Names of authors Affiliation E-mail address and telephone and fax numbers for corresponding author, if possible. 摘要 Abstract investigator. 150-200 英文词，说明研究目的、方法、结果、结论和意义。可以写一些定量结果。不仅对读者，而且对文献检索者都有帮助。 150-200 words to give purpose, methods or procedures, new results and their significance, and conclusions. Write for literature searchers as well as Journal readers. Include major quantitative data if they can be stated briefly, but do not include background material. 3－5个关键词，作为论文检索用，使读者可用关键词方便检索到此论文，并对论文按内容分类。 3-5 key words which can be regarded as index words. 说明文章中符号表示的量的意义，单位。尽量用国际单位制。 Use SI units as much as possible. 篇幅：全文的10-20 %。 说明所研究问题的重要性；相关研究回顾与综述：指出已有研究的不足和局限，但语气应友善而含蓄。说明本论文的目的和重要性。 Introduce the importance of the problem studied. Review of previous work. State the limitations or shortcomings of the previous work. Clearly state the purpose and significance of the present work. Notice: Do not attempt to survey the literature completely. If a recent article has a survey on the subject, cite that article without repeating its individual citations. In general, the Introduction should be no more than 3 double-spaced word-processed pages with no figures and tables. 篇幅：全文的20-30%。 介绍为简化问题所作的必要且合理的假设； 对问题进行数学描述：列方程、边界条件和初始条件；
1
关键词 Key words 符号表 Nomenclature， Notation or Symbols 引言 Introduction 研究或实验方法 Research approach Theoretical section Experimental section 问题求解； 或介绍实验仪器、条件和步骤：使读者阅读后可重复实验。 Make necessary assumptions. or Describe the problem in mathematical equations together with relating boundary and initial conditions. Obtain the solution. Let the research can be reproduced. -Describe the apparatus and instruments. -Describe pertinent and critical factors involved in the experimental work. 结果和讨论 Results and discussion 篇幅：全文的40%左右。 研究结果介绍，数据的必要解释，新发现讨论，与其它相关结果的比较。 结果和讨论也可分开。 结果：直接的发现；讨论：间接的发现。 此部分内容安排要特别注意逻辑性。 Present the results. Discuss new findings. Provide explanations for data. Elucidate models. Compare the results with other related works. Results and Discussion may be separated. Results: direct findings. Discussion: indirect findings. 结论 Conclusions 致谢 Acknowledgements 参考文献 References Notice: please logically arrange the contents. 介绍研究工作的主要结论。力求简明。 Summarize conclusions of the work. 说明本工作受到的资助及得到的帮助。 Information regarding the supporter (s) (e.g., financial support) is included here. 对于一般科研论文，参考文献为10－20篇；对于综述性论文，参考文献为60－100篇。 10-20 references for research paper and 60-100 references for review paper. 一些公式的详细推导等内容可放在附录部分，以便使论文更紧凑。 Some detailed derivation of equations etc. could be placed in this part. 附录 Appendix
以上为英文科技论文的一般要求，不同期刊风格和要求会有所不同。
练习1。
2. 科技论文的写作步骤
步骤及注意事项如同绘画。绘画要构思、画轮廓、再描绘、收拾。科技论文的写作步骤见表2。
表2 英文科技论文写作步骤
2
准备材料 确定题目 写提纲 安排和调整材料 写论文草稿 认真检查：内容、炼字、炼句 请指导教师修改
和指导老师讨论。 和指导老师讨论。 在有条件的情况下请Native English speaker 修改英文。 值得注意的是，论文最好在研究工作进行中就开始酝酿，这样对研究本身的完整性会有帮助，而且，写作过程中也往往会发现一些问题，由于实验装置尚在，实验还可进行，这些问题还可方便解决。
练习2。
3. 各部分写作的注意事项 3.0 如何写论文题目
First impressions are strong impressions; a title ought therefore to be well studied, and to give, so far as its limit permit, a definite and concise indication of what is to come.
----T. Cliffort Allburt
What is good title? I define it as the fewest possible words that adequately describe the context of the paper.
3.1 如何写英文摘要
英文摘要是全文的浓缩，一般包括研究目的、研究方法、研究结果和结论。摘要是全文的摘要，因此论文从引言(Introduction)、论文展开(Approach)，结果(Results)和讨论(Discussion)以及结论部分的要点在引言中都应有反映。摘要部分应尽可能简明，一般不超过300个词，摘要比论文具有更广泛的读者，因此，尽量用通俗和易懂的词汇(这些词汇无需通过阅读全文或查相关文献后就可明白)，且风格、时态等应统一。在英文摘要中，时态可以是一般现在时，一般过去时和现在完成时,具体用何种时态，应根据表达的内容而定，但一般多用被动语态。请看下面的例1－例7。注意，摘要中别忘了写出论文的主要发现或结论。
一般情况下，摘要中不列参考文献，不含图表。英文摘要内容完整，可独立存在。摘要虽在最前面，但实际上，它往往最后写。等全文完成后，再根据全文的内容提炼和推敲。当然，有些国际会议，开始只需要提交摘要，这时，摘要常常先写。
下面列举了几篇国际期刊论文的英文摘要，供读者参考。同时注意缩写字的使用。 摘要例1
Abstract: Interactions between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and vinyl flooring (VF), a relatively homogenous, diffusion-controlled building material, were characterized. The sorption/desorption behavior of VF was investigated using single-component and binary systems of seven common VOCs ranging in molecular weight from n-butanol to n-pentadecane. The simultaneous sorption of VOCs and water vapor by VF was also investigated. Rapid determination of the material/air partition coefficient (K) and the material-phase diffusion coefficient (D) for each VOC was achieved by placing thin VF slabs in a dynamic microbalance and subjecting them to controlled sorption/desorption cycles. K and D are shown to be independent of concentration for all of the VOCs and water vapor. For the four alkane VOCs studied, K correlates well with vapor pressure and D correlates well with molecular weight, providing a means to estimate these parameters for other alkane VOCs. While the simultaneous sorption of a binary mixture of VOCs is non-competitive, the presence of water vapor increases the uptake of VOCs by VF. This approach can be applied to other diffusion-controlled materials and should facilitate the prediction of their source/sink behavior using physically-based models.
3
[1]
Keywords: Building material; Emission; Indoor air; Microbalance; Sink; Sorption 摘要例2[2]
Abstract: Desiccant systems have been proposed as energy saving alternatives to vapor compression air
conditioning for handling the latent load. Use of liquid desiccants offers several design and performance advantages over solid desiccants, especially when solar energy is used for regeneration. For liquid-gas contact, packed towers with low pressure drop provide good heat and mass transfer characteristics for compact designs. This paper presents the results from a study of the performance of a packed tower absorber and regenerator for an aqueous lithium chloride desiccant dehumidification system. The rates of dehumidification and regeneration, as well as the effectiveness of the dehumidification and regeneration processes were assessed under the effects of variables such as air and desiccant flow rates, air temperature and humidity, and desiccant temperature and concentration. A variation of the ?berg and Goswami Mathematical model was used to predict the experimental findings giving satisfactory results.
摘要例3[3]
Abstract: This paper presents a performance evaluation of two passive cooling strategies, daytime
ventilation and night cooling, for a generic, six-story suburban apartment building in Beijing and Shanghai. The investigation uses a coupled, transient simulation approach to model heat transfer and airflow in the apartments. Wind-driven ventilation is simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Occupant thermal comfort is accessed using Fanger?s comfort model. The results show that night cooling is superior to daytime ventilation. Night cooling may replace air-conditioning systems for a significant part of the cooling season in Beijing, but with a high condensation risk. For Shanghai, neither of the two passive cooling strategies can be considered successful.
摘要例4[4]
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of a computer program developed for solving 2- and 3-D
ventilation problems. The program solves, in finite difference form, the steady-state conservation equations of mass, momentum and thermal energy. Presentation of the fluctuating velocity components is made using the k-ε turbulence model. Predicted results of air velocity and temperature distribution in a room are corroborated by experimental measurements. The numerical solution is extended to other room ventilation problems of practical interest.
3.2 如何写引言
中国有句俗话：好的开头等于成功的一半。英文中有句名言：“A bad beginning makes a bad ending”。两者表达方式不同，意思却相近：开头对很多事非常重要，对写文章也不例外。引言即是文章的开头。 写作之前，心中需对阅读对象有所了解和估计，这样在行文时对遣词造句就会有把握，既避免过于专业，使读者难以理解，又不致过于平白，让读者索然无味。
引言一般用一般现在时写，如前所述，引言中应介绍以下几方面的内容：
(1) 介绍讨论的问题、介绍研究的背景，说明讨论的范围及解决问题的重要性。读者往往通过浏览
论文题目、摘要、引言、图标和结论决定是否仔细阅读全文。因此，在引言中应开门见山，说明要讨论的问题及其重要性。
(2) 相关研究回顾与综述。对已有研究的评价要实事求是，对前人工作的精彩和可参考之处应简要说明，对已有研究的不足和局限，也应指出，但语气应友善而含蓄。
(3) 说明本研究的目的和特别之处。有了前面2部分的铺垫，现在就要具体说明本研究要解决什么问题，在解决思路、方法、手段等上有什么新颖或改进之处。
(4) 说明一下文章安排。是全部论文的导读。就像领人去一个地方游览或参观，先介绍一下游览的
4