China is different from what it used to be.
情态动词would do可表示过去习惯性动作；used to be / do可表示过去习惯性动作或状态。 选择：1．—— Your telephone number again ? I quite catch it. —— It’s 9568422.
A．didn’t B．couldn’t C．don’t D．can’t 2．—— We could have walked to the station, it was so near. —— Yes. A taxi at all necessary.
A．wasn’t B．hadn’t been C．wouldn’t D．won’t 3．—— Come on it, Peter. I want to show you something.
—— Oh, how nice of you ! I you to bring me a gift. A．never think ；are going B．never thought ；were going C．didn’t think ；were going D．hadn’t thought ；were going
简析：1. 答案A。“没听清楚”发生在对方当时报电话号码那个过去时刻，故用一般过去时。
2. 答案A。根据对话的情景可知，甲乙双方都在谈论过去发生的事情。甲方用虚拟语气，责备自己当时未能步行去车站，乙方强调当时乘出租车没有必要，故用一般过去时。
3. 答案B。思维动词think, know, expect等，时态使用的原则是：表示现在的看法、知晓用一般现在时；表示过去的看法、知晓，而这种思维活动现在已不复存在，用一般过去时。根据对话可知，乙方没想到‘“甲方会给他带来礼物”，发生在未见到礼物之前。一旦见到礼物，这种想法即刻消失，故think应用一般过去时。答案B比C语气强，更符合对话的情景，因此B为最佳选项。
在以下句型中，必须用一般过去时表示将来发生的动作： 1．It is（high / about）time（that）you went bed. 你该去睡觉了。 2．I would rather they came tomorrow. 我倒希望他们明天来。
三、现在完成时
1．表达形式：主动语态have / has done ；被动语态have / has been done 2．基本用法：
1）表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个过去时刻，到说话时已完成，并与现在的情况有联系。 I have turned on the electric heater（电热器）in the room.
（I turned on the electric heater, and the room is getting warm now.） He has taken away my reference book.
（He took away my reference book, and now I can’t use it.） 选择：The price , but I doubt whether it will remain so.
A．went down B．will go down C．has gone down D．was going down
答案为C。作者对今后物价是否能继续走低，心怀疑虑，而他此时的心态是由物价下跌这一
动作引发的，故用现在进行时。
2）表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始，一直延续到现在。可能刚结束，也可能继续下去。
36 · · 起点 Now He has been in Beijing for two years.
We have had plenty of rain here since we parted last month. 自上个月我们分手以来，这里下了很多雨。
表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻持续到现在的时间状语还有in the past（last）few years, ever
since, so far, up to the present（直到现在），until now, in recent years等。 选择：—— How are you today ?
—— Oh, I as ill as I do now for a long time.
A．didn’t feel B．wasn’t feeling C．don’t feel D．haven’t felt
答案为D。译：我很长时间没有象今天这样周身不适。本句的实质是：今天我身体状况最差，
而这以前情况基本正常，即not feel ill。这种正常身体状况从过去延续到今天截止。故应用现在完成时。
关于现在完成时，请注意以下三点：
1）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时表示的动作或状态或与在有联系，它强调的
是对现在的影响。一般过去时表示的动作或状态已成为历史，不复存在，与现在无关系。 He has worked in Paris for two years. （现在人仍在巴黎。） He worked in Paris for two years. （现在人已不在巴黎。）
2）可用句型It is +（一段时间）+ since（主语）+（动词的过去时），解决瞬间动词不能与一
段时间连用的矛盾。如： It is ten years since he left Shanghai.
It is about two years since I got married to Jane. 3）下列句型的分句中动词用现在完成时。如：
It is the first（序数词）time（that）I have visited China. 我是我第一次访问中国。
This is the most beautiful（形容词最高级）city that I have ever seen. 这是我见过的最美丽的城
市。
四、过去完成时
1．表达形式 主动语态had done ；被动语态had been done 2．基本用法
1）在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已完成的动作。 had done
· · · Now 例：He said that he had arrived three days before.
2）动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。 例：By the time he came we had worked for two hours. had done
37 · · · Now 例1：—— Mary came back yesterday. —— Where she ? A．had; been B．did; go C．has; been D．had; gone
答案为A。乙方要问的是“在昨天之前，她去过哪里”，属过去的过去。故应用过去完成时。 例2：Until then, his family from him for two months.
A．didn’t hear B．hasn’t heard C．hadn’t heard D．heard nothing 译：到那个时候，他家人已有两个月没有收到他的来信。
答案为C。“未收到来信”这种情况持续到那个时候，而不是现在。根据过去完成时的第二种
用法，应用过去完成时。 例3：用正确时态填空
I （mean）to go on Monday, but I have stayed at their request.
答案为had meant。动词hope, wish, intend, mean, want, expect等，其过去完成时可表示“过去
未曾实现的希望，打算或意图”。
五、现在进行时
1．表达形式：主动形式：am / is / are doing 被动形式am / is / are being done 2．基本用法
表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。
The students are preparing for the entrance exam at present. 表示目前的变化、发展和进展过程，需要用现在进行时。
Selecting a mobile phone for perponal use is no easy task because technology is changing so
rapidly.
请注意以下两点：
1．现在进行时与一般现在时的区别：一般现在时表示的动作，其特征为经常性；现在进行时
表示的动作，其特征具有暂时性。经常性与暂时性是区分这两种时态的主要尺度。 例：—— Is this raincoat yours ?
—— No, mine there behind the door.
A．is hanging B．has hung C．hangs D．hung
答案为A。这段对话大多发生在下班，会议或社交活动结束后，人们各自找自己的雨具这样
的场合。“雨衣挂在门后”是临时性的，故用现在进行时。
2．进行时与always, continually, constantly, forever等副词连用，作为一种修辞手段，用于表
达赞扬、不满、抱怨等情绪。
He is always thinking of others. 他总是为别人着想。（赞扬）
At school he was constantly playing trick on others. 在校读书时，他老是捉弄人。（厌恶）
六、过去进行时
1．表达形式 主动态：was / were doing ；被动形式：was / were being done
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2．基本用法
用于表示在过去某一时刻或过去某一阶段正在进行的动作。 I was making a long-distance call to my near relative before you arrived. In those years we were having a hard time. 例：1.—— Hey, look where you are going ! —— Oh, I’m terribly sorry. . A．I’m not noticing B．I wasn’t noticing C．I haven’t noticed D．I don’t notice 2.Tom into the house when no one . A．slipped; was looking B．had slipped; looked C．slipped; had looked D．was slipped; looked
1. 答案为B。“走路时心不在焉，不注意前进方向”，发生在甲方责备他之前那段已过去的时间里。故应用过去进行时。
2.译文：汤姆乘着没有人注意，溜进房屋。答案为A。when, while, as引导的时间状语从句，若主句动作与从句动作同时进行，且一长一短。那么持续时间长的动作用进行时，持续短的动作用一般时。本题中“溜slip”发生在没有人注视这一过程中，“溜slip”为短动作，故用一般过去时，而watch“注视”持续时间长，应用过去进行时。
七、一般将来时
1．基本用法 表示将来或即将发生的动作
2．表达形式 主动形式：shall / will do ；shall / will be doing 被动形式：shall / will be done shall用于第一人称，will用于所有人称 I won’t be free tonight.
I will be waiting for you outside after school. 一般将来时其他表达形式如下： 1）am / is / are going to do
用于表示a）预先打算做某事。b）有迹象表明即将发生的动作。 We are going to visit the Great Wall at weekends.
Listen to the loud crash of thunder. It’s going to rain. 听那震耳的雷声，天就要下雨了。 2）am / is / are to do
用于表示按计划、安排要进行的动作 The meeting is to be held tomorrow.
注1： 该结构也可当情态动词用，表示“命令”、“可能”
You are to be back by 9 o’clock at the latest. 你必须最迟在9点之前回家。
This kind of book is nowhere to be bought. = This kind of book can’t be bought anywhere. 注2：用在if 条件句中，表示“想”。If we are to be there in time, we’ll have to hurry up. 3）be about to do
用于表达某动作马上要发生
Be quick ! Flight No. 302 to Tokyo is about to take off.
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改错：Allention please ! The concert is about to start in five minutes. 删去in five minutes。 be about to do不能与具体时间状语连用。
4）转移动词go, come, start, leave, arrive, return, sail等以及win, lose, die可用进行时表示将来
时。
The ship is sailing for Shanghai tomorrow. It seems to me that our team is losing.
八、过去将来时
1．基本用法
表示在过去某一时刻尚未发生的动作或存在的状态。 2．表达形式
主动语态：should / would do 被动语态：should / would be done I never imagined that he would become a doctor.
I promised my boss that I would finish this work by the end of this month. 一般将来时的其他表达形式，也适用于过去将来时 I felt that something terrible was about to happen. 请注意：
①when, once, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句 ②if, unless, so long as等引导的条件状语从句
③even if, though, whenever, whether?or（不管?还是?）等引导的让步状语从句 若从句动作未发生，应用一般时表示将来时。 I will let you know if he comes back. He said that he wouldn’t lose heart even if he failed. Whatever happens, do be calm. 九、被动语态
1．定义：若主语是谓语动作的承受者，即主谓语为被动关系，则谓语动词应用被动形式。 The question is being discussed at the meeting.
Full time should be made use of to speed up socialist construction. 必须充分利用时间加速社会
主义建设。
①下列情况不能用被动语态：
a．不及物动词及不及物性的短语动词，如happen, appear, disappear, break out, take
place等
b．状态动词或系动词。
例：There is no doubt that Taiwan is belonged to China.（错） His head is felt hot.（错）
This plan was proved practical.（错） ②下列情况用主动形式表示被动意义：
a．表示事物的名词作主语，谓语表示该事物的特征。
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