第一篇 词法 八、 动 词
? (一) 知识概要
?动词在语言中是必不可少的一部分。它的语法现象也较多，但在初中范围主要有以下几方面问题。① 时态：初中范围主要有一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时，过去完成时，将来时与过去将来时六种时态。② 语态：主动语态与被动语态。③ 助动词和情态动词。④ 非谓语动词，也就是不定式，动名词及现在分词的用法。?时态主要掌握以下几种时态的应用要点和习惯用法。
?1? 一般现在时：主要有以下三方面，① 用来表示状态，特征或不受时间限制的客观存在和真理。如：Matter exists in three states物质有三态。又如：The earth moves around the sun? ?② 表?示习惯性和经常发生的动作，如：I often go to bed at 9∶３０? ③ 在时间、条件等状语从句中表示将来要发生的动作，如：As soon as I get there I'll telephone you.
?2? 一般过去时：① 主要用于表达过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，如：I was ill last week? ② 过去经常发生的动作或习惯性动作，如：I used to get up at six.
? 3? 一般将来时：用于表示将要发生的动作，其构成方式① 用ｗill (shall)+动词原形来表达将来在某一时间内要发生，或经常、将要发生的动作或状态，如：School will begin on Sepember 1st? ② 用be going to+动词原形，用来表示不久将要发生或打算去作的动作。如：?I'm? going to swim this afternoon? ③ be+现在分词，也就是用某些动词的现在进行时表示将来，如：?I'm? coming。这些动词只限于：go, come, leave, start, move, sail, arrive, reach, get to等动词。④ 在状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
?4? 现在进行时：用于表示现在正在进行的动作，如：What are you doing now?要注意的是表示状态，情感的某些词没有现在进行时，这些动词有：like, have (有)，love, know, understand, remember, forget, see, hear, smell, taste, feel, wish hope, expect…
?5? 过去将来时：用来表达从过去某时间点上看将要发生的动作，如： He told me he would come to my party?
?6? 现在完成时与过去完成时：现在完成时的两个用处是：① 用来表达在过去开始的动作持续到现在，如：I've studied English for two years? ② 用来表达过去发生的事但它影响到现在，如：I haven't had my breakfast. so I'm hungry now? 现在完成时与过去完成时的区别在于动作的截止时间，现在完成时所表达的动作截止于现在，而过去完成时所表达的动作截止于过去。如：I haven't seen my old teacher for a long time? 我好久未见到我过去的老师了。是指到目前截止。如果加上一句话，则将变为过去完成时，如：Yesterday I saw my old teacher. I hadn't seen him for a long time. 因为我好久未见
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他这一情况截止于昨天。还要注意的一个问题是截止性动词可以有完成时，但不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：When I got to school, the class had begun? 如果一定要讲开始几分钟了则要换用表示状态，或延续性动词，如：When I got to school, the class had been on for five minutes??语态：英语中只有主动语态与被动语态之分。主动语态，句子中的主语是动作的执行者，如：I broke the window? 而被动语态句子中的主语是主动语态句子中的宾语，如：The window was broken by me? 被动语态主要用于，动作的执行者不明确，或没有必要说出来，如：The New building was built last week? 关键要注意的是在主动语态中有省略不定式符号to的动词，在被动语态要还原，如： 主动语态 I saw him come in.?被动语态 He was seen to come in. ?助动词和情态动词：助动词本身没有词义，它只不过与实义动词一起构成谓语动词，形成了时态、语态、构成了疑问句，否定句，以及用来加强语气。而情态动词则表达一种可能、必要、允许、愿望、猜测……的意图、倾向。也用来表示语气的委婉和祝愿。初中阶段主要有：can, could, may, might, will, would, must (have to), shall, should。?最后要谈论的是非谓语动词，非谓语动词分为不定式，和动词的ing形式，(即现在分词和动名词)。虽然在初中范围，这一项不是语法重点，但还是要花一定时间去学习，为的是打下良好的基础。为进一步学习提供良好的条件。不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语。如：To see is to believe.(百闻不如一见) He want to see a film? 还可以作补足语，如：He wants me to leave.也可以作状语，如：I come here to learn English.?动名词也可以起到上述作用，如：Seeing is believing. I like swimming very much. 而现在分词多用于作定语、补足语、状语，如： The girl driving a car is her sister.(定语) Did you notice his hand shaking?(宾语补足语)
Hearing the noise, we stopped talking.(状语) (二) 正误辨析
? ［误］ She laid down and soon fell asleep. ? ［正］ She lay down and soon fell asleep.
? ［析］ 考试中常出现的是易混动词lay放，lie躺，lie说谎。它们的过去时、过去分词和现在分词变化如下：
? lay (放) laid， laid， laying (及物动词) ? lie (躺) lay， lain， lying (不及物动词) ? lie (说谎) lied， lied， lying ? ［误］ Please rise your hand. ? ［正］ Please raise your hand.
? ［析］ rise 是不及物动词，其后不能接宾语，如：The sun rises in the east.而raise是及物动词。
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? ［误］ I like to swim very much, but I don't like swimming this afternoon. ? ［正］ I like swimming very much, but I don't like to swim this afternoon.
? ［析］ like作为\喜欢\讲时，可以接动名词也可以接不定式，但接动名词时多表达一种习惯性动作。而接不定式则侧重于表达一次性、特殊性的动作。? 但要注意的是like 与would连用时则一定要接不定式，如：Would you like to go with me?? 再有一点要注意的是，like作为介词\像\讲时，只能用分词作其宾语。
? ［误］ Stop! Did you listen to a strange voice? ? ［正］ Stop! Did you hear a strange voice?
? ［析］ hear的侧重点是听到、听见什么，而listen to 的侧重点为听的倾向，如：listen! Do you hear someone calling help?这样的词还有look与see。它们的侧重点也不同，look重于\看\的倾向，而see重于看见没看见。
? ［误］ Did you watch some film recently? ? ［正］ Did you see some film recently?
? ［析］ 英语中see 与 watch 各有不同的用处，see用于看电影、剧目，而watch用作看电视和看球赛。
? ［误］ Look. A beautiful lamp hanged from the ceiling. ? ［正］ Look. A beautiful lamp hung from the ceiling.
? ［析］ hang有两个含义，① \挂\，它的过去时与过去分词是hung， hung;② \绞刑\，这时它是规则动词，其过去式与过去分词则为hanged， hanged。 ? ［误］ How long can I borrow this book? ? ［正］ How long can I keep this book?
? ［析］ \借\在英文中有三个词，① 借入，即borrow,如：May I borrow some books from the library?② 借出，如：I can lend my bike to you.③ 借多久要用keep, 因为borrow与lend都是截止性动词，而keep是延续性动词。如 How long can I keep it? ? ［误］ We have won your class. ? ［正］ We have beaten your class.
? ［析］ win是及物动词，其后面的宾语应是比赛、战争、奖品、奖金。而beat的宾语，应是人、队、班级等等，如：We won the game. ? ［误］ I left my key. ? ［正］ I forgot my key. ? ［正］ I left my key at home.
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? ［析］ leave是\丢下\，其后一定要接地点状语，而forget其后不要接地点状语。 ? ［误］ Oh! It's raining outside. Please bring the rain coat with you. ? ［正］ Oh! It's raining outside. Please take this rain coat with you.
? ［析］ bring为\带来\如：Next time bring your little sister here.而take为\带走\，fetch为\去某处取什么回来\，如：Please fetch some coffee for us?? 要熟记的是在初中课文中与take有关的词组，如：? take away 拿走 take back 收回 take down 取下?take off 脱下 take…out 拿出 take place 发生? take hold of 拿住 take part in 参加 take a seat 坐下?take one's place 替代 take a look 看看 take one's turn 轮流? take a message 捎信 take care of 照看 take it easy 别着急?take one's time 慢慢来 take one's temperature 测量体温 ? ［误］ The policeman reached his gun. ? ［正］ The policeman reached for his gun.
? ［析］ reach作\到达\讲时是及物动词，如：I reached the hotel at 8∶30?但作\伸手去拿\，则要用reach for something。作为\到达\讲时还有arrive (in+大地方)(at＋较小的地方)和get to.要注意的是与get有关的词组有：? get back 回来 get in 收割 get into 进入 get off 下车? get on 上车 get out 出去 get up 起床 get to 到达? get ready for=be ready for ? get on well with 与人相处融洽? get 加比较级为变得如何，例如：? get colder and colder. ? ［误］ This dictionary spent me five dollars. ? ［正］ This dictionary cost me five dollars.
? ［析］ 英文中的\花费\有4个spend, cost, take 和 pay,其中spend与pay所在句中的主语应为人，如：I spent two hours in doing my homework. I paid five dallars for the book.而cost与take的主语则是事物，如：It takes me two years to finish this book. ? ［误］ In summer I always sleep with the windows opened. ? ［正］ In summer I always sleep with the windows open. ? ［正］ I always sleep with the windows closed.
? ［析］ 要注意open是动词也是形容词，而close则要用其过去分词作形容词。? ［误］ Please wait a minute. I'm having on my clothes. ? ［正］ Please wait a minute. I'm putting on my clothes.
? ［析］ 英语中的穿衣服要分状态，是什么样的穿着打扮，还是穿衣服的动作两类动词。表示穿着状态的词有have on, wear,在用法上have on不宜用进行时态，它多用一般时态，如：She has on a new school dress. 而wear则多用进行时来表示状态，如：She is wearing a new sweater.在表示动作的词中put on是常用的一词。dress用作动词当\穿衣\讲时其后宾语不应接衣物，而要接人，如：My children were very
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young they couldn't dress themselves.在表示穿着状态时用其过去分词当形容词，如：He is dressed in white.
? ［误］ My computer can't begin. Could you find someone to help me? ? ［正］ My computer can't start. Could you find someone to help me?
? ［析］ begin与start均可指\开始\，而且常常可以互换，如：School begins (starts) at 8 a. m. 但是在两种情况下不宜用begin 而要用start, ① 当作机器开动、发动讲，如：My car can't start. There must be something wrong with it.② 作为\旅途开始\讲，如：We should have to start early. There was a lot of traffic on the road.
? ［误］ I'm very glad because I have founded my lost key. ? ［正］ I'm very glad because I have found my lost key.
? ［析］ find是不规则动词，它的过去式和过去分词是found, found，而found又是另外一词\建立\，它是规则动词，其过去式与过去分词是founded founded, 如：The People's Republic of China was founded in 1949.
? ［误］ Please. Let's speak in English. ? ［正］ Please. Let's speak English. ? ［正］ Please. Let's talk in English. ? ［误］ Can you speak it English? ? ［正］ Can you say it in English?
? ［析］ 英文中\说\有4个常用词say, tell, speak, talk.其中不及物动词有speak和talk，如：I want to talk with you.We are talking about the new film.而speak其后接语言时是及物动词，其他情况是不及物动词。say 与tell是及物动词，其中tell常用双宾语，如：Tell us a story.但用于讲实话或谎话时也用单宾语。如： Tell the truth. ? ［误］ Can you say Japanese from Chinese? ? ［正］ Can you tell Japanese from Chinese? ? ［析］ tell…from为固定词组，即分辨两者的不同。 ? ［误］ Excuse me, did I step on your foot? ? ［正］ Oh, sorry, did I step on your foot?
? ［析］ excuse me用于未打扰对方前，以提醒对方注意的用语，而sorry则是由于自己已做的事向对方道歉。
? ［误］ Would you care for to swim with us? ? ［正］ Would you care to swim with us?
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