Then in late 1990, Geodimeter, Dandryd Sweden introduced the first “robotic total station” adding automatic tracking and radio communication to a radio and data collector at the “target” or pole. （然后在 90 年代后期，瑞典 Dandryd【应该是瑞典的一个地名】Geodimeter【公司名】，推出【introduce 介绍、 提出】了第一台“智能型全站仪”，在“目标”或测杆上增加了一个有自动跟踪【automatic tracking】和无线 电通讯【radio communication】功能的信号和数据收集器）
Thus, for the first time, no person was required at the instrument——only at the target, reducing
the size of a survey crew.（这样，第一次，仪器不再需要人——除了目标点，减少了测量人员） Total Station （全站仪）
A total station is the most commonly used instruments now in geomatics engineering, which is fully integrated instrument that capture all the spatial data necessary for a 3-dimensional positional
information.（全站仪是现在测绘工程中使用最普遍的仪器，完全综合的【fully integrated 考虑到平时介绍 全站仪的词句，我们可以翻译为全站型】仪器，可以获取所有的反映 3 维空间位置信息所需的空间数据。） A total station integrates the functions of an electronic theodolite for measuring angles, an EDM for
measuring distances, digital data and a data recorder.（全站仪整合了电子经纬仪的测角功能和 EDM 的测 距功能，以及？？和数据存储器的功能）
All total stations have similar constructional features regardless of their age or level of technology,
and all perform basically the same functions.（不管他们工艺的年代和水平如何，所有的全站仪的结构 【constructional 构造的 feature 特征】都是类似的【similar】，都能基本【basically 基本地】完成相同的功 能）
After the instrument has been set up on a control station, centered, leveled and properly oriented,
and the prism target has been set up over another point whose position is to be measured, the surveyor
may focus the target and depress a button.（在控制点上安置仪器、对中、整平和恰当的【properly】定向
【orient 确定方向、东方】之后，棱镜【prism】目标【目标棱镜】置于测点之上，测量人员就可以照准【focus】 目标并按动按钮。）
Then output from the horizontal and vertical circular encoders and from the EDM can be displayed at the instrument and stored in a data collector and enters into a built-in microprocessor.（然后水平
和竖直编码【encoder 编码器】度盘和 EDM 的输出结果可以显示在仪器上，并可以存储在数据收集里，送入内置 的【built-in】微处理器）
The microprocessor can convert the measured slope distance to the horizontal distance using the measured
vertical or zenith angle.（微处理器可以将测得的斜距利用测得的竖直角或天顶距转化【convert】为平距） The microprocessor also computes the difference in elevation between the instrument center and the prism target.（微处理器还可以计算仪器中心和棱镜目标【目标棱镜】之间的高差） If the elevation of the instrument center (the HI) and the height of the reflector target (the HT)
above the ground are entered, the microprocessor computes the elevation of the target station taking
into account the effect of curvature and refraction.（如果仪器中心的高程（HI）和反射目标到地面的高
度（HT）输入仪器，微处理器在考虑【take into account】地球曲率和折光影响 后就可以计算出目标站点的高 程）
Furthermore the microprocessor can also compute the resolution of the horizontal distance together with the current horizontal direction, expressed as an azimuth, into a coordinate of the target station.
（此外，微处理器还可以由水平距离和【together with】当前水平方向——表示为方位角【azimuth】，计算出 目标点的坐标）【resolution 分析、决定 n.】
In construction layout measurement, the data necessary to establish the direction and distance from a control point to locate a construction point can be entered into the instrument via the keyboard
or directly from an office computer.（在建筑施工放样测量工作中，在控制点上为建筑点位定位所需的方向 和距离数据，可以由【via 经过】键盘或直接由办公室的计算机出入到仪器中去）
Then the surveyor guides the person holding the prism along the line of computed direction until the distance to the point to be located agrees with the computed distance.（然后，测量人员引导持棱镜的 人沿着计算出的方向线前行，直到 到所定点距离于计算出的距离相吻合为止）
All displayed outputs can also be recorded or stored in electronic field book for further calculations
in a computer.（所有显示的输出结果也可以记录或存储在外业电子手簿当中，用以在计算机中进一步的计算） Total stations allow the measurement of many points on a surface being observed within a very short
time range. （全站仪使得【allow 使得??得以发生】在观测范围内，非常短时间内对多点进行观测称为可能） Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪）
A late 1980s adaption of the total station is the addition of servo motors to drive both the horizontal
and the vertical motions of these instruments.（80 年代末，全站仪改进【adaption 改变、改写】是加入 伺服【servo】电动机【motor】，用以驱动仪器的水平和垂直移动【motion】）
For all the complex electronics inside a robotic total station, the motion is still provided by simple
servo motors with a reduction gear system.（在智能型全站仪内所有的复杂的电子元件，它们的活动仍然是 由简单的带有一个变速【reduction 变速、减速】齿轮系统的伺服电动机提供的）
The end result must be lightweight, durable and fast and have sub-second positioning accuracy.（最
终结果必定是，质量轻【原文应该是 light weight，中间有空格；lightweight 的意思是轻量级选手、不胜任者】， 耐用的和快速的、有着亚秒级定位精度的）
When those total stations have been designed with automatic target recognition (ATR) function, they
allow the user to automatically track, measure and record targets.（当带有自动目标识别功能【automatic target recognition】的全站仪被设计出后，自动跟踪【track】、测量和记录目标得以实现。） Current technology provides robotic (motorized) total stations that are able to measure angles with
an accuracy of ±0.5″and distances with an accuracy of ±1mm+1ppm to a range of 3500m.（当前的技 术能够使智能型全站仪在 3500m 的范围内的测角精度达到±0.5″，测距精度达到±1mm+1ppm） Latest models are capable of searching automatically for targets and then locking onto them precisely, turning angles automatically to designated points using the uploaded coordinates of those points, repeating angles by automatically double-centering, and even equipped with automatic data transfer
systems.（最近的样式可以自动搜寻目标并将其精确锁定，自动转角到指定【designated】点——利用上载的 【uploaded】这些点的坐标，通过自动两次置中复测角度，甚至装备了自动数据转换系统）
These instruments, when combined with a remote controller held by the prism surveyor, enable the survey to proceed with a reduced need for personnel.（这种仪器，当与一个可被持镜【prism 棱镜】测量者持有
的遥控装置【remote controller 遥控装置】结合后，测量工作就可以减少人员【personnel 人员 n.】的需要） All these characteristics make the robotic total stations very useful for geomatics engineering tasks. （所有这些特性使得智能型全站仪在测绘工程任务当中非常有用）
Using a robotic total station with ATR, first, the telescope must be pointed roughly at the target
prism—either manually or under software control—and then the instrument does the rest.（使用带有
ATR 的智能型全站仪时，首先，望远镜必需大致地【roughly 粗略地】照准目标棱镜——或者手工【manually 用 手 adv.】或者软件控制——然后省下的就交给仪器去做了）
The ATR module is a digital camera that notes the offset of the reflected laser beam, permitting the instrument then to move automatically until the cross hairs have electronically set on the point precisely.（ATR 模块是一个数字照相机，可以记录【note】反射激光束的偏移量【offset】，使得【permit 使?? 有可能】仪器能够自动移动【转动】，直至十字丝电子的调整到正好【precisely】照准那个点） After the point has been precisely “sighted”, the instrument can then read and record the angle and distance.（当该点被正好“看到”，仪器就可以读出并记录角度和距离）
Reports indicate that the time required this process is only one-third to one-half of the time required to obtain the same results by conventional total station techniques. （有报告指出【indicate】，该过
程所需时间仅是使用常规【conventional 常规的、传统的】全站仪获得同样结果所需时间的一半或三分之一） With the proper ATR-based instrument Leica TCA2003, the surveyor will be able to handle new applications and address existing jobs with a different spin.（利用基于 ATR 的 Leica TCA2003，测量者将可以从事新 的工作）
【application 应用】 【即干以前干不了的活】，也可以以不同的方式【spin 方式、风格；旋转】从事【address 从事 v.】现有的工作）
Because of the co-axial target detection system and the use of conventional EDM prisms, daily operation
will remain unchanged.（因为同轴【co-axial 同轴的】目标探测【target detection】系统和常规 EDM 棱镜 的使用，例行的【daily 日常的、例行的】操作保留没有变）
What will change is the speed with which data is collected.（改变的是数据采集的速度）
Topographical surveys are automated by putting the TCA in Auto-record mode—the instrument follows the rod person and automatically records a point at specified distances, time intervals, or whenever
the rod is held steady for more than a certain time.（地形测量自动化，将 TCA 设置为自动记录模式——
仪器跟踪持镜人并按指定的【specified】距离、时间间隔或者当棱镜保持不动超过一定时间——就自动记录） Take advantage of the measuring speed and have multiple rod people on larger jobs.（在大型项目中， 利用【Take advantage of】测量的速度和复合测杆【复合棱镜】）
The TCA2003 can even turn sets of angles while the user prepares for the next traverse point. （当
使用者为下个导线点作准备时，TCA2003 可以连贯地【even】转过若干组角度）
Take automation a step further and do some “no-man” surveying. Robotic total stations are already being used in hazardous areas to provide continuous monitoring of structures or processes.（将自动
化更进一步，用于一些“无人”测量工作。智能型全站仪已经被应用于危险领域，用来提供对建筑物或活动的持 续的监测）
Certain sites link measurement systems with civil defense agencies and law enforcement groups.（某 些【Certain】场合【site】下将测量系统与民防机构和执法【law enforcement】团体联系起来） An offspring of “no-man” surveying is machine guidance.（无人测量的一个产物是机械的导向。） TCAs guide road headers, tunneling moles and paving machinery.（TCAs 引导巷道掘进机【roadheade】、 隧道掘进机【tunneling mole】【mole 鼹鼠】和筑路【paving】机械）
A surveyor is in charge of installing the robotic survey station at predetermined locations and lets the robotic unit inform machine operators where they are relative to design information.（测量者在 预定【predetermined 预先设定】位置【location】负责智能全站仪的安装【install】，让它通知仪器操作者— —他们与设计信息相比较所在的位置【相对于设计点的位置】）
The machine operator reads the machine position from a small display receiving position updates from a base station. （仪器操作者在一个小显示器中读出从基准站上传来的的仪器所在位置）
The base station can be robotic, GPS or a combination of a number of sensors.（这个基准站可以是智 能型全站仪站点，GPS 站点或者许多传感器的联合站点） Unit 88 Errors n n n in Measurement（测量工作中的误差）
Measurements are defined as observations made to determine unknown quantities.（测量被定义为确定未知量 【quantity】的观测）
They may be classified as either direct or indirect.（它们可以被分为直接观测和间接观测）
A direct measurement is one where the reading observed represents the quantity measured, without a need to add, take
averages or use geometric formulas to compute the value desired.（直接观测就是观测读数即代表了【represent 代表、 描述】测量量，不需要另外加、取平均或利用几何【geometric 几何的】公式【formulas】来计算出所需【desired 想得到的】值。）
Determining the distance between two points by making a direct measurement using a graduated tape is an example of direct measurement.（用一把刻度尺直接确定两点之间的距离，就是一个直接观测的例子）
An indirect measurement requires calculation and can be determined from its mathematical relationship to direct
measurements when it is not possible or practical to make direct measurements.（间接观测需要计算，当直接观测是不 可能或不实际【practical 实际的】时 ，可以利用它与直接观测量之间的数学关系来确定。）
For example, station coordinates can be mathematically computed by measuring angles and lengths of lines between points directly.（例如，测点【station 测点】坐标可以由直接测得的点之间直线的角度和长度来计算）
Therefore the indirect measurements (computed station coordinates) contain errors that were present in the original direct observations and propagated (distributed) by the computational process.（因此，这个间接测量值（计算出的测点坐标） 包含了初始【original】直接观测出现【present】的和由计算过程传播【propagate】（散播的）的误差。）【that 后 面全都是修饰 errors 的】
This distribution of errors is known as error propagation.（这种误差的散播被认为【be known as 被称为】误差传播） Also, it is the indirect nature of measurements that forces the need to often apply some rather sophisticated mathematical
procedures to analysis of errors and thus determine a “best value” to represent the size of the quantity.（同样，间接测量 的特性需要【forces the need to 使??成为需要】经常应用一些更复杂的数学方法【procedure】来分析误差并从 而确定“最佳值”来代替【represent 代替、代表、扮演、表现】测量值的大小）
It can be stated unconditionally that all measurements, no matter how carefully executed, will contain error, and so the true value of a measurement is never known, and the exact sizes of the errors present are always unknown.（可以绝对地 【unconditionally 无条件地】说【state 声明】，所有测量工作，无论多么仔细的实行【execute】，也会包含误差， 因此测量的真值是永远不知道的，出现【present 出现】的确切的【exact】误差大小也永远不知道）
Even with the most sophisticated equipment, a measurement is only an estimate of the true size of a quantity.（即使使用 最复杂精密的装置，测量值也仅仅是一个量的真值的估计【estimate】）
This is because the instruments, as well as the people using them are imperfect, because the environment in which the instruments and people operate influences the process, and because the behavior of people, instruments, and the environment cannot be fully predicted.（这是因为同使用它们的人一样，仪器是不完美的【imperfect】，因为仪器和 人的操作环境影响观测过程，因为人的行为，仪器，和环境不能完全预知【predicte】）
However, measurements can approach their true values more closely as better equipment is developed, environmental
conditions improve and observer ability increases, but they can never be exact.（然而，测量可以非常接近它们的真值，
当【as】仪器的改进，环境条件改善和观测者技术【ability】的进步时。但是它们永远不能达到真值）
By definition, an error is the difference between a measured value for any quantity and its true value.（按照【By】定义， 误差是某一量的测量值和它的真值之间的差值。）
The sources of errors fall into three broad categories which are described as follows:（误差来源分成【fall into 分成、 属于、落入】三个主要的【broad】类型【category】，描述如下：）
Instrumental Errors.（仪器误差）These errors are caused by imperfections in instrument construction or adjustment.（这 种误差由仪器的结构和调节装置不完整性引起）
For example, the divisions on a theodolite or total station instrument may not be spaced uniformly.（例如，经纬仪或全 站仪中的刻度【divisions，division 原意指分离、分开，这里指刻度】没有被均匀地【uniformly】分划【即刻度分 划不均】）
These error sources are present whether the equipment is read manually or digitally.（这种误差源出现在不论是人工 【manually 人工地】读取还是数字式读取的仪器上）
Natural Errors. （自然【环境】误差）These errors are caused by variation in the surrounding environment conditions, such as atmospheric pressure, temperatures wind, gravitational fields, and magnetic fields, etc.（这种误差是由周围环境条件 的变化【variation】引起的，如大气压力，温度，风力，重力场，和磁场）
Personal Errors.（人为误差）These errors arise due to limitations in human senses, such as the ability to read a
micrometer or to center a level bubble.（这种误差出现【arise 出现 v.】由于【due to 由于 adv.】人类的感官局限性 【limitation 局限性】）
The sizes of these errors are affected by personal ability to see and by manual dexterity. （这种误差的大小受到人看的能 力和手的灵活性【dexterity 灵活 n.】的影响）
These factors may be influenced further by temperature, insects, and other physical conditions that cause humans to
behave in a less precise manner than they would under ideal conditions.（这种因素受温度、蚊虫【insect 虫】和其它 引起人不精确行为的自然条件的影响比在理想条件下所受的要大）
From the discussion thus far it can be stated with absolute certainty that all measured values contain errors, whether due to lack of refinement in readings, instabilities in environmental conditions, instrumental imperfection or human limitations.（从以上【thus far 迄今】我们的讨论中，可以绝对确定的【certainty 确定 n.】说【state 声明】，所有 测量值都有误差，不论是归咎于【due to 归于】读数缺乏精确、环境条件的不稳定性【instability】、仪器的不完 整性【imperfection】还是人的局限性【limitation】）
Some of these errors result from physical conditions that cause them to occur in a systematic way, whereas others occur with apparent randomness.（这些误差中有些由物理条件产生【result from 由??产生】的，使它们以系统的方式 发生【表现为系统性】，而【whereas】其它的表现为外观上的随机性【randomness】） Accordingly, errors are classified as either systematic or random.（因此【Accordingly】，误差分为系统误差和随机误 差【偶然误差】）
But before defining systematic and random errors, it is helpful to define mistakes. （但是在定义体统误差和随机误差 前，先来定义下错误对我们很有帮助）These three terms are defined as follows: （下面是这三个术语的定义） 1. Mistakes.（错误）Mistakes or blunders (gross errors) actually are not errors because they usually are so gross in
magnitude compared to the other two types of errors.（错误或粗差【blunder 大错误，gross 粗的】实际上不是误差， 因为它们相对于其它两种误差在量级【magnitude 大小、量级】上通常太粗了）
Carelessness, inattention, improper training, bad habits, poor judgment, adverse measuring or observing conditions, and various negative attitudes and emotions are the traces or the common reasons for mistakes.（粗心、疏忽、不恰当的 【improper】训练、不好的习惯、错误的判断、不利的【adverse 不利的】观测条件，和各种消极态度和情绪是引 起错误的普遍原因【trace 线索、轨迹】）
They are not classified as errors and must be removed from any set of observations. （它们不能被分进误差里，必需从 观测中从予以移除）
Typical examples of mistakes are omitting a whole tape length when measuring distance, sighting the wrong target in a round of angles, writing down 27.55 for 25.75 in recording. （错误的典型的例子如测距时遗漏掉了一个尺段的长度， 在测一系列【in a round of】角时对错了目标，在记录时将 27.55 写成了 25.75） Therefore great care must be taken to obviate them.（因此必需非常仔细的消除它们）
Mistakes will never be completely eliminated from measurements, but surveyor’s careful, attentive, conscientious attitude can reduce the mistakes in most cases.（错误永远不能从测量中完全排除【eliminate】，但是在大多数情况下 【in most cases】测量者的细心、专心、负责的【conscientious 尽责的】态度能够减少错误。）
Through proper training and development of good work habits, development and maintenance of positive attitudes, and understanding the theory and practice involved with the variable being measured, mistakes can be controlled and
practically eliminated. （通过恰当的训练和改善好的工作习惯，保持和改善积极的态度，以及对所测变量【variable】
理论和实践上的理解，错误可以得到限制【control】和大致【practically 大致、几乎】消除）
2. Systematic Errors.（系统误差）Systematic Errors are defined as those errors whose magnitude and algebraic sign can be calculated and applied as a correction to the measured quantity, or these errors follow some physical law and thus can be predicted.（系统误差定义为，大小【magnitude】和符号【algebraic sign 代数符号】上可以被计算，并当作修 正值应用在测量 量上，或者说这些误差遵循某些自然法则【physical law】因而可以被预知【predicte】）
Some systematic errors are removed by some correct measurement procedures (e.g. , balancing backsight and foresight distances in differential leveling to compensate for earth curvature and refraction). （有些系统误差可以由某些恰当的测 量程序来消除（举例来说【e.g.举例来说】，在微差水准测量中使前后视距相等来低偿【compensate】地球曲率和 折光）
Others are removed by deriving corrections based on the physical conditions that were responsible for their creation (e.g., applying a computed correction for earth curvature and refraction on a trigonometric leveling observation). （有些【others 和 some 对比使用时, 是“有些”的意思而不是做“其他”讲】系统误差则是利用推出【derive 得来、得出、推 出】改正值来消除，【based on 后面是讲改正值怎么得到】改正值是基于它们产生的原因的物理条件推出） Surveyors should know how to deal with systematic errors.（测量者应该知道怎样处理体统误差）
The first requirement is to recognize and accept the possible existence of errors. （第一个要求是认可并承认误差的存在 可能性）
Next, identify the various sources that might be affecting a reading systematically, then, determine what the “system” is. （接下来，辨别可能系统地影响到读数的不同的来源，然后确定这个“系统”是什么【是什么在系统的影响读数】。） Is it a constant, linear, or in proportion to the size of the quantity being measured? Or, does it follow some other
mathematical relationship? Is there some physics involved?（它是常量【constant】？是线性的【linear】？还是和被测 量的大小成比例【in proportion to】？还是，它遵循其它一些数学关系？和物理过程有关吗？）
Once systematic errors discovered and quantified, the errors can be essentially compensated by certain processes of measuring or corrected to reduce their effect.（一旦系统误差被发现和量化【quantify】，误差就可以得到实质的 【essentially 实质地】低偿，【by 后面是低偿的方法】利用某一【certain 某一个】测量过程或者修正来减少它们 的影响）
Careful calibration of all instruments is an essential part of controlling systematic errors. （ 仪 器 的 仔 细 的 校 准 【calibration 校准 n.】，是控制系统误差的本质的一方面）
3. Random Errors.（随即误差）Random (also known as accident) errors are introduced into each measurement mainly because of human and instrument imperfections as well as uncertainties in determining the effects of the environment on measurements.（随机（也叫偶然）误差引入每个测量工作中，主要因为人和仪器的不完美性，如同环境对测量工 作的影响的不确定性）
After all mistakes and systematic errors have been removed from the measured values, the random errors remain.（在所 有的错误和系统误差被移除出测量值后，剩下的就是随机误差）
In general, random errors are unavoidable and relatively small.（通常【In general】，随即误差是不可避免的并且相对 较小）
They usually do not follow any physical law, but follow random patterns, or the laws of “chance”.（它们通常并不遵循 任何物理法则，但却遵循随机模式【pattern 模式、式样】，或概率法则）
They have unknown signs and are as likely to be negative or positive.（它们符号不可知，可能是正或是负）
The magnitude of such an error is unknown, but it can be dealt with and estimated according to the mathematical laws of probability.（这样的【such】误差的大小【magnitude】未知，但是可以依照【according to】数学的概率论【laws of probability 概率论】来处理和估计【estimate】）
Examples of random errors are (a) imperfect centering over a ground point during distance measurement with an EDM instrument, (b) bubble not centered at the instant a level rod is read, and (c) small errors in reading graduated scales.（随 机误差的例子如(a)在使用 EDM 测距时没有完全【imperfect 有缺点的、未完成的】对中地面点，(b) 在水准尺上 读数时【at the instant 在??时】气泡没有居中 (c)读刻度尺时的小误差）
Understanding the nature of random errors helps to understand why random errors are never really fully corrected, since the observation of the physical phenomena contains personal, random errors.（对随机误差特性的理解有助于理解为什 么随机误差永远不能真正【really】完全的【fully】修正，因为对物理现象的观测包含了个人的，随机误差）
Thus, measurements have “uncertainties” or random errors that remain unquantifiable.（Random errors are dealt with by controlling or managing them.（处理随机误差的方法是限制【control 和 manage 这里都是限制的意思】它们） It is a quality control process. They cannot be corrected or eliminated, only minimized and controlled.（这是一个精度限 制方法。它们不能被修正或消除，只能最小化和限制它们） Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision （准确度和精度）
Can you make a measurement that’s very precise, but not very accurate?（你能进行一项精度非常高，却不怎么准确的测量吗）