Unit 7 12 modeling clay = plastic clay 橡皮泥 一 课后生词 13 I can give my ideas tangible form. 1 pundit : learned person;expert 博学者 tangible = clear 明确的 2 morph : change ;使（动植物）变体，变种 eg. 14 genuine = actual 真正的 morph sth into sth 15 momentary = for a moment only 瞬间的，3 wad : fold;compress 折，团起来eg.wad sth 暂时的 into lump 16 a blank look. blank = confused 困惑的 4 hypnotic : cause sb to feel sleepy 催眠的 17 tempers flare = become very angry hypnosis : 催眠术 18 hothead = quick temper 急性子 5 be apt to (do) 易于…的 eg.① She is apt 19 stalk off = walk off = march off 大踏步走 to get angry; ② Iron is apt to rust(生锈). 20 chores = household 家庭杂物 6 buddy : close friend 密友 21 flip a coin. flip = throw 7 one-liner : a short joke or funny remark 俏22 compromise = give-and-take 妥协 皮话 23 keep up = continue 8 zinger : a witty,often caustic remark 有力的24 peculiar = odd 奇特的 反驳，反击n. 25 vulnerability = weakness 弱点，攻击 9 caustic put-down 刻薄的贬低 26 insulting = offensive 侮辱的 10 zap : delete,clear,change 清除；改变v. 27 intimate = close 亲密的 11 void : vacancy空缺；空旷n. 28 alliance = union 结盟 12 form knit : become united 团结在一起 29 flame = attack =criticize 13 intimidate : threaten;frighten 恫吓；威胁 30 ally = friend 盟友 eg.intimidate sb into doing sth 31 block = hinder 阻挡 14 gadget : 小玩意 32 literally = actually 确实地，不加夸张地 15 hideous : terrible 骇人听闻的 33 acquaintance = familiarity 熟人 16 carnage : 大屠杀n. 34 void = blank 空白；空位 17 maim : to injure sb seriously;to disable sb 35 work at = care about 在乎 使残废vt. 36 come and go instantly = Eazy come,eazy go.来得快，去得也快。 二 课文中单词及短语 37 at my convenience 随我的心愿 1 in obsession with 沉迷，迷恋 38 loosely = freely 自由的 2 virtual friends on line = net friends 网友 39 when company arrives at the house. 3 Play is children?s work. work = nation company = people,vistor 天性 40 halt = pause;stop 暂停 4 outlook = opinion;view 世界观 41 courtesy = politeness 礼貌 5 coordination 协调能力 42 furious = very angry 愤怒的 6 solitary activities = do it alone 个体的，单43 persist in = insist on 坚持 独的 44 try to engage his attention. engage = 7 empathy = identification; understanding 认attract 同；理解 45 suck = absorb 吸收；吸引 8 amusing = interesting 46 crush = press 镇压 9 crudely = completely 完全地 47 devour = ruin 毁灭 10 desensitized = insensitive 麻木不仁（不敏48 awful = terrible 可怕的 感的） 11 make-believe = imaginary 想象中的
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三 翻译
1 As amusing and ingenious as electronic entertainment can be, children—and the society they live in—are the losers when they rely on these forms of fun. Unlike traditional games and toys, “wired” entertainment encourages kids to be unimaginative, socially immature, and crudely desensitized to the world around them.电子游戏非常好玩而且设计得非常精巧，当孩子们依赖于这些娱乐形式时，他们以及他们赖以生存的社会都成了失败者。与传统的游戏和玩具不同的是，电子娱乐促使孩子们不去发挥想象力，社交不成熟，对周围世界麻木不仁。
2 The player is as much a tool of the game as the joystick. Her momentary fun is unsatisfying because it leads not to any genuine sense of achievement but only to the hypnotic experience of watching someone else?s creation unfold.玩家就像操纵杆一样，充其量就是个工具。他那瞬间的乐趣并不能令他满足，因为那样不能给他真正的成就感，只是糊里糊涂地看着别人的创造在一点点展现而已。 3 Yet we resist this truth and find it hard to imagine that our effect on the earth must now be measured by the same yardstick used to calculate the strength of the moon?s pull on the oceans or the force of the wind against the mountains.然而我们拒不接受这个事实，而且觉得很难想象如今必须用来衡量人类对地球影响的标准曾是人类来衡量月球引力对海洋的影响以及风力对山脉的作用。
Unit 8 14 account for = be responsible for 对…负有一 课后生词 责任 1 intercept = stop;seize 阻挡，拦截 15 contribute to = lead to 2 macrocosmic 宏观世界的；宇宙的 16 impact = influence 影响 3 insults = damage 破环 17 be akin to = be similar to 与…相似 4 urban sprawl 城市无限制的扩展 18 a wide divergence of oppinion. 5 die-off = die one by one 顺次死亡 divergence = difference 关于…意见分歧很大 6 machete = knife 19 adequately = enough 充分地 7 per-capita = of/for/by each person 人均adj. 20 decline = decrease 8 copious = opulent = plentiful 丰富的 21 abuse = bad use 滥用 9 undoing = the cause of ruin,failure 灭亡、失22 decent = adequate 适当的，足够的 败等的原因n. 23 necessitate = make … be necessary 使…10 frenzy = disturbance 狂乱 eg:① in the 成为必要 frenzy 在狂乱中 ② drive sb to frenzy 使24 oppress = crush 压迫 某人发狂 ③ be frenzied with joy 狂喜 ④ 25 conquest = victory 征服n. work oneself up into a frenzy 自己使自己26 plunder = rob 掠夺 忙得一团糟 27 a privileged layer of humanity. layer = 11 hubris = arrogance = pride 狂傲 part/section 28 generate = cause,lead to 二 课文中单词及短语 29 physiology = ecologic structure 生态结构 1 conceal = hide 掩盖 30 contamination = pollution 污染 2 exemplify = give an example 31 toxic = poison 有毒的 3 manifestation = expression 表现 32 turn out to be = give result of = end up with 4 merchandise = goods 结果证明 5 live out = die naturally 33 betray = trick 背叛，欺骗
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6 biocide = pestcide 杀虫剂 7 lay people. lay = nonprofessional 非专业人士 8 lord = master 主人 9 turn back the clock = fight against natural selection 10 underlying = basic/fundamental 基本的，根本的 11 accompany = along with 伴随，陪同 12 stunning = surprising 令人吃惊的 13 sheer = only 三 翻译
34 barest = the most basic 35 pragmatic = practical 务实的 36 exact = carry out with force 强制实施 37 transformation = change 变革 38 solidarity = unity 团结一致 39 dimension = aspect 层面 40 accumulation = collection 物质积聚 41 inextricably = closely/tightly 42 what will become of sth = what will happen to sth 1 In a world where humans are the measure of all things, every unipue manifestation of life becomes merchandise and rare butterflies have little chance of living out their own evolutionary destiny.在人类决定一切的世界，每一个具有独特表现形式的生命都成了商品，稀有蝴蝶几乎没有机会完成他们的生命进化历程。
2 Sadly, such macrocosmic insults as dam construction, logging, the use of biocides, and urban sprawl function as a threat to butterflies and their habitat. And as a single moth goes, so may a flower, and other members of a small and complex community of life.令人悲哀的是诸如拦河筑坝，森林砍伐，使用生物杀虫剂，城市无限制地扩张，这些对宇宙大规模的破坏都对蝴蝶及其栖息地造成威胁，一只蝴蝶死了，一朵花也枯萎了，接着这种情况也会蔓延到这个小而复杂的生命群落中的其他成员。
3 To be sure, the ascending J-curve of rising human numbers, accompanying the destruction of countless other species, leaves a stunning impression.固然，人口数量的急剧攀升伴随着无数的其他物种灭绝，给人留下的是瞠目结舌的印象。
4 No thoughtful person could possibly doubt the disastrous effect such numbers will inevitably have on other species.一个深思熟虑的人可能毫不质疑如此众多的数量会不可避免地对其他物种所造成的灾难性影响。
5 This civilization?s arrogance is evident in our scientific tradition?s urge to expand what Francis Bacon called “the empire of man”.传统科学急于扩张培根提出的所谓“人类帝国”这是以说明人类文明的妄自尊大。
6 Our century has given a privileged layer of humanity an industrially organized life more opulent, more wasteful yet also more alienated and depressed than that of any ancient king.本世纪社会进入了工业组织化，特权阶层过上丰足而浪费的生活，然而这种生活使人感觉比古代帝王还要孤
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独和沮丧。
7 And nothing can be done, North or South, without social strategies that create institutions to provide practical alternatives and thus opportunities for people to change.如果没有一些社会策略提供可供选择的办法或改变，无论是南半球还是北半球都将一事无成
1. In 1870s, sugar-cane planters in Jamaica were losing about a fifth of their crops to rats, and a planter brought mongooses from India in hopes that they would prey on the rats. Within a few years the number of rats had drooped dramatically, the rats became harder to find. Then the mongooses began eating native mammals, ground-nesting birds, snakes, lizards, land crabs, and anything else they could find. They even took to eating sugar cane. Some of the creatures they wiped out had been usefulcontrols on insect numbers, and the insect damage to sugar cane increased. The mongooses themselves became pests in need of control.19世纪70年代，由于田鼠成灾，牙买加的甘蔗种植者损失了约五分之一的甘蔗。一位种植者从印度带来了猫釉，希望它们能够捕杀田鼠。几年之内，田鼠骤然减少，很难见到它们的踪影了，于是猫釉开始捕食其他的哺乳动物、栖居地面的鸟类、蛇、蜥蜴、陆地蟹和所能找到的任何东西，甚至开始吃甘蔗，他们所消灭的有些生物原来是有益于控制昆虫数量的，而现在那些昆虫对甘蔗所造成的损害却加剧了，这样猫釉本身就成了与要加以控制的有害动物。
2. People do learn from their mistakes, and experiences with mongoose and other introduced organisms led to the passage of strict laws controlling the importation of plants and animals to the United States. The idea of using parasites and predators to control pests has not been abandoned; it is just done with much greater care and advance study. This method of limiting the number of pests is called biological control, and there is hope that it will someday eliminate the need for many of the insect poisons used today.从自己的错误中吸收了教训，引进猫釉及其他有机生物的失败经历最终使严格控制动植物进口美国的法律得以通过。以寄生物和食肉动物来控制害虫的想法并没有被完全抛弃，只不过现在人们更加谨慎，而且要事先做好研究。这种控制害虫的方法被称为生物控制，希望有一天能够彻底解除对我们今天所使用的杀虫剂的要求。
3．Human beings are now altering the basic physiology of the planet, Industril smog can be found everywhere over the oceans, and weather patterns are so distorted that climatologists now disscuss ”climate death”. Industrial contamination is pervasive, even in the gat cells of Antarctic penguins. The rain is not only acid but toxic. Whether industrialism warms or cools the atmosphere its chemical experiment threatens to change life in ways barely imaginable, but undoubtedly for the worse. 人类正改变着我们这颗星球的基本生理系统。工业烟雾四处弥漫，远及大洋，天气样品无章可寻，以至于气候学家现在也探讨“气候的极度恶化”问题。工业污染无孔不入，甚至残留于南极洲企鹅的脂肪细胞中。雨不仅仅呈酸性而且有毒。无论工业主义使大气变暖还是
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变冷，其化学实验对生物变化的威胁是如何的难以想象，但情况将每况愈下是无疑的。
4．The worst of these unintended ye harmful consepuences arise when introduced exotic species put native species in jeopardy by preying on them. This can alter the natural habitat and can cause a greater competition for food. Species have been biologically introduced to environments all over the world, and the most destructive effects have occurred on islands. Introduced insects, rats, pigs, cats, and other foreign species have actually caused the endangerment and extinction of hundreds of species during the past five centuries. Exotic species are certainly a factor leading to endangerment.这种纯属无意但危害最大的结果是，引入的外来物种捕食本土物种，迫使后者陷入生存险境。此举改变了自然栖息地并引起更为严重的食物之争。出于生物学的原因，物种会被引入到世界各地并可能造成毁灭性打击，尤以岛屿环境为甚。在过去的500年中，引入的虫、鼠、猪、猫等其他外来生物已经危及甚至灭绝了上万物种。显然外来物种是导致物种濒危的因素。
Unit 9 5 aspire to = desire to 渴望做某事 一 课后生词 6 depletion = waste 损耗 1 binding = must be obeyed 应遵守的 eg. sth 7 microscopic = very small/tiny 极微小的 is binding on sb 某事对某人有约束力 8 combustion = burning 2 tout = promote 兜售 9 downcycling 下降型循环 3 adamant = determined 下定决心的 10 over time = for a period of time 4 plainly put = briefly speaking 简而言之 11 retrieve = get back 取回 5 hybrid = mixture 混合物 12 regenerative = reborn 再生的 5 curtail = limit 限制 13 perspective = opinion 观点 6 lease = rent 租出 14 cradle-to-grave = lifelong 一生的 15 technical metabolism = zero-waste 二 课文中单词及短语 technology 无废技术 1 eco-efficiency 生态效能； eco-effectiveness 16 hold true for = suit 适用 生态效益 17 literally = actually/ totally/completely 完2 sustainable 可持续的 全 3 novel = new and attractive 新颖的 18 consist of = be composed of 由…组成 4 catchy = eazy to remember 容易记的 19 embed = fix firmly 使…嵌入 eg. be embedded in the memory 深留记忆中的 20 retain = keep 保留，保持 三 翻译
1. This paper reviews experimental economic research on the use of rebate rules in providing and valuing threshold public goods, which are goods that cannot be provided in part, but only in whole after a certain cost, called a provision point or threshold, is covered. If fundraising efforts meet or exceed the provision point, then the public good is provided; otherwise, it is not. Many public goods are of the threshold type, including bridges, lighthouses, and specific plots of land for conservation programs and public parks. It would not make much sense to provide 1/2 a bridge or 1/3 of a corridor needed to connect two conservation areas for the movement of wildlife
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