in a conservation reserve network. In the event total contributions collected exceed the provision point, rebate rules determine the fate of excess contributions. The paper argues that there are two general uses for rebate rules in natural resources management. One is in raising the funds to protect natural resources through the purchase of land or the purchase of development rights, while the other is in valuing natural resources. The paper briefly reviews the use of rebate rules in validity tests of the contingent valuation method, a survey method widely used to estimate the value of natural resources under realistic, but hypothetical, conditions.
Key words: contingent valuation, experimental economics, natural resources, public good, rebate rule
这篇文章回顾了有关退还规则在提供和评价基础公共产品中所发挥的作用的试验经济研究，基础公共产品不能部分提供，而只能超过某种供应点或基础成本之后全部提供。如果筹资的结果达到或超过提供点，那么就可以提供公共产品，否则就不提供，许多社会公共产品都属于基础型的，包括桥梁、灯塔、公园用地和专门用于建保护区的用地等。如果想让野生动物在连片的保护区中自由迁移、活动，而连接两个保护区的桥梁只建成一半或过道只建好三分之一，那种建设是没有多大意义的。如果捐款总额超过了供应点，那退还规则就决定了超过的那部分该如何使用。本文认为，在自然资源的管理上，退还规则主要起到两种作用。一是通过筹集资金以购买土地或购买发展权来保护自然资源，另外一个就是评价自然资源的价值。在真实条件下，同时也在理论假设的条件下，条件价值评估这种调查方法，广泛运用于评估自然资源的价值。本文主要探讨了在条件价值评估的有效性测试中退还规则所起的作用。 关键词：条件价值评估，试验经济学，自然资源，公益退还规则。
2. In this study, a paired—comparison method for which we designed an Internet questionnaire was applied to evaluate the relative monetary values for forest public goods and services which have no defined market value or no known monetary value. Through a series of interactive paierd comparisons for a given set of elements, which were mixtures forest public goods and services, private goods possessing market value, which were mixtures forest public goods and services, private goods possessing market value, and sums of money,the importance levels and preferences were ranked, and the relative monetary values were evaloated. The results indicated that the preferences for forest public goods and services from high to low were ranked as water resources resevoir, soil stabilization and land erosion control, biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, and ecotourism offerings. The relative nonetary values of water resources reservoir and soil stabilization and erosion cotrol were both higher than the compared private goods, but not higher than some sums of real money. The preferences appeared to be influenced by an individual?s age, educational level, and persona income.
Key words: paired comparison, preference rank, environmental public good, forest public goods and services, monetary value, nonmarket benefit.
本研究系采用配对比较法原则设计网络问卷，收集分析社会大众对非市场与无货币价格之森林公共服务在
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配对比较原则下，相对于实质货币价值之偏好度与重要性，借以评估不同森林公共服务之重要性与相对货币价格。应答者系在不同之森林公共服务，具市场价值之私人财货及实质之货币三项因素间进行成队比较，回答起偏好性与重要性。分析结果显示，社会大众对不同森林公共服务之重要性认识从高至低分别是水资源涵养、土壤稳固与崩塌防范，生物多样性保育、碳吸收功能、生态旅游。而水资源涵养及土壤稳固与崩塌防范之相对货币价值是高过本研究提供比较之私人财产价值，然仍低于本研究提供比较之某些实质货币价值。而对森林不同公共服务之偏好性则与受访者之年龄、教育程度与收入有关。
关键词：配对比较、偏好度、环境公共产品、森林公共产品与服务、货币价值、非市场效益。
Unit 10 一 课后生词 三 翻译 1 respondent 问卷调查答复者 1. aerobacteriology 大气细菌学 2 compulsory = required 必须做的，有义务的 eg. compulsory course 必修课； 2. eco-tourism. 生态旅游 compulsory education 义务教育 3. semianaerobic incubation 半缺氧状态 3 privilege = have advantage over most others 4. CPU 中央处理器 （centrual processing unit） with sth 对…享有特权vt./n. 4 proponent = supporter/advocator 支持者；5. CDMA(code-division multiple access) 码分提倡者 5 appeal to = be attractive or interesting to sb 多址技术 对某人有吸引力；使某人感兴趣vi. 6. demophobia 惧拥挤症 6 contradict = be contrary to/ conflict with 7. random error 随机误差 与…相反；与…相矛盾 7 integrate = combine 合并vt. eg. ① 8. B.Eng.Bachelor of Engineering 工程学士 integrate all the children into society 把孩子与社会一体 ② integrate theory with 9. ad patres(Latin) 死亡（法律） practice 把理论与实践相结合 10. Morse code 摩尔斯式代码 8 per se = itself 本身 9 arena 舞台，活动场所 eg. political arena 非典 SARS 股东权益 shareholders? Equity政界 失业救济 unemployment benefit电子支票 二 课文中单词及短语 1 in the demostic context = at home 2 propose = suggest 推荐 3 overwhelmingly = mostly 4 with respect to = concerning 关于 5 interpersonal interaction 人际交往互动 electronic check 地球资料卫星 earth resources satellite生物经济 bioeconomy 太阳能 solar energy网络综合证 net synthesis阳光政策 sunshine policy载人航天 manned space flight 1. figure 1 shows that more men had access both at work than women. The gender gap is roughly 10%. 78% of men but only 67% of women had access at home, 38% of men and 27% of women had access at wok, and 26% of women and 16% of men had no access. The data therefore identifies
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a situation of unequal access to ICT hardware.
图示1 显示，男性在家和工作单位使用计算机的途径比女性多，其性别差约为10%，有28%的男性，而女性只有67% 可以在家使用计算机；可以在工作单位使用计算机的男性为38%，女性仅为27%；无法使用计算机的分别是女性26%，男性16%。因此，这些数据表明，在使用信息通讯技术的硬件方面还存在不平等的情况。
2. More important, the number of people claiming incapacity benefits has risen since 1997 and, at 2.7m, now dwafs the total claiming unemployment benefit. The govemment reckons that around 1m of the incapacity claimants could work if they wanted to. Meanwhile the number of jobless lone parents has declined fairly modestly to 800,000.
更重要的是，自1997年以来，不符合救济条件的人数在上升，达到2700000人，这个数据大大超过了拿失业救济金的人数，政府认为，只要愿意，这其中有1000000人可以工作的。同时，独自抚养孩子的无业人员也有所下降至8000000人。
3. There are political penalties, too, which worry Labor. A third of poor children are being brought up by workless lone parents. Unless more of them find jobs, the govemment will be hard-pressed to meet its much-trumpeted target to reduce child poverty. Ministers also fear a backlash from voters fed up with paying for the work-shy. John Hutton, the work and pensions secretary, has said that welfare reforms must “confront head-on the ?can work, won?t work culture? in our country” . 令工党头疼的还有政治方面的惩罚。1/3贫困孩子正生活在没有工作的单亲家庭。除非他们当中有更多人找到工作，否则政府就要被迫面临减少儿童贫困这样十分棘手的难题。大臣们同样担心，给那些懒得工作的人埋单会招致选民戳脊梁骨。就业与养老保障大臣约翰 休顿曾说，社会福利改革要“针对我国 ?能工作而不愿工作的社会文化?”。
As novel as eco-efficiency may have seemed at the Earth Summit in 1992, its roots go back to early industrialization. Henry Ford saved his company money by recycling, and reusing materials, reduced the use of natural resources, minimized packaging, and set new standards with his timesaving assembly line back in 1926. 生态效能这个概念在1992年的地球峰会上也许显得很新颖，但它的起源可以追溯到早期的工业化时期。亨利·福特早在1926年时就通过循环使用和再利用原材料、减少使用自然资源、包装最小化、对省时的流水线设定新标准等方法为他的公司节省金钱。
The data was analysed by gender and demonstrates some significant gender inequa?lities in access to, and use of, information and communication technologies (ICTs) both in the work and domestic context. These media are proposed as main delivery and support media for adult students. Gender inequality is therefore of serious concern. 这份以性别为基础来分析的数据表明了在工作和家庭环境中，在能够接触和使用信息通讯技术方面的性别不平等。信息通讯技术被建议作为成人学生获取学习信息的主要传播和支撑媒介，因此该方面的性别不平等应得到认真的关注。
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