《软件工程练习题及参考答案》(3)

2019-04-22 13:19

Party branch Secretary of a party lecture of two speeches: tutoring covers all of the new party Constitution two education has kicked off. Study of the Constitution of this practice is a very important part. oday I'll give you a new section of the Constitution on the counselling of learning lessons, hope, through today's tutorial, further consolidation of all the party members of the new party Constitution study results to help you better understand and grasp the important knowledge in the new Constitution. This tutorial has the following three components: one is the importance of studying and implementing of the new party Constitution; second, compared with the 17 adopted by the party Constitution, the main changes in the content and interpretation of the new Constitution; the third is at this stage how to make full use of the new essence of the content of the Constitution to guide party building. Two thematic education in party lecture notes, and study and carry out the significance of the new Constitution (a) studying and implementing the party Constitution is the most basic obligations of each party member. We party party yilai, has been put learning implement Constitution as a items regular of work one of implement Yu always, and in different history background and the different reality need of situation Xia, also will as a items important sex work, concentrated to, and highlight to, and separate to be arrangements, only on reform more than 30 years to, most important of concentrated learning implement Constitution on has four times: (ii) learning implement Constitution, is maintenance party of solidarity unified, and completed party of the task of strong guarantee. Both history and reality show that only determined to uphold the supremacy of the Constitution, according to the educational management of party members and cadres at the request of the party Constitution to ensure the party strictly implement the party's policy and discipline, to maintain party unity, completed the party's various tasks to provide a strong guarantee. (C) studying and implementing the party Constitution, consolidating the party's ruling status, and the inevitable requirement of maintaining the advanced nature of the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: the Constitution is the fundamental law of the party, the party must follow the General rules. In all the activities of the party organization at all levels, will continue to guide the broad masses of party members and cadres, especially leading cadres, conscientiously study the party Constitution, abide by the party Constitution, the implementation of the party Constitution and maintaining party Constitution, should strengthen party spirit, enhance the consciousness, purpose awareness, power awareness, situation awareness, sense of responsibility, earnestly sharing sorrow for the party, responsible for the country, for the people and dedication. (D) studying and implementing the party Constitution, is to solve the problems the party's actual needs. Comrade XI Jinping said all party members must achieve, leading cadres should first do whatever the《软件工程练习题及参考答案》

一、单向选择题（四选一、每小题2分，共18分）

1、软件工程中的各种方法是完成软件工程项目的技术手段，它们支持软件工程的（A）阶段。 A. 各个 B. 前期 C. 中期 D. 后期

2、从事物的属性侧面来描述事物的方法就是（B）的方法。 A. 面向对象 B. 面向数据 C. 面向过程 D. 面向属性

3、一个模块的（B）是指能直接控制该模块的模块数。 A. 扇出数 B. 扇入数 C. 宽度 D. 深度

4、Jackson方法在需求分析阶段的主要步骤不包括（A）。 A. 了解实体行为 B. 标识实体与行为 C. 生成实体结构图 D. 创建软件系统模型

5、实践表明，确定发生错误的位置和内在原因所需的工作量几乎占整个调试工作量的（D）%。 A. 30 B. 50 C. 70 D. 90

6、为了进一步改善软件系统的可维护性和可靠性，并为以后的改进奠定基础的软件维护称为（D）。

A. 纠错性维护 B. 适应性维护 C. 改善性维护 D. 预防性维护

二、填空题（每空2分，共18分）

1. 软件工程由方法、工具和过程三部分组成，称为（软件工程）的三要素。 2. 软件可修改性，是指允许对软件系统进行修改而不增加其（复杂）性。 3. 一般来说，产品、过程、资源等对象都具有内部属性和（外部）属性。

4. 软件开发风险分析实际上就是贯穿于软件工程过程中的一系列风险管理步骤，包括

onstitution provides that no party member can do, leading cadres should take the lead in not doing. In strict accordance with the party Constitution Party member leading cadre must have six basic conditions and improve their own qualities and abilities, regular checks and pay for their own shortcomings. Especially in the ideal and belief, persist in seeking truth from facts, and promote the scientific development, maintain close ties with, strengthening moral cultivation, and strict adherence to party discipline for party members to lead by example. Second, the main change in the new Constitution and the interpretation of the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, to end on November 14, 2012 General Assembly vote, the Constitution of the Communist Party of China (Amendment) Act. 18 Congress of the partyBy the Constitution of the Communist Party of China (Amendment) Act, against 17 in six large through a revision of the party Constitution. In order to comply with thedevelopment of the situation and tasks change, every national Congress of our party will be of varying degrees of revision of the Constitution. A big party was held in 1921, due to time constraints, and developed a platform of one of the large, just a programmatic document. Our first Constitution was established by the party's second National Congress. According to the changes in the situation and tasks, after two successive congresses (except for five) different degrees of modification to the Constitution. Because of the special circumstances, the five party Constitution has not been modified, by the Politburo after changes to the Constitution. Current is developed in September 1982 the party's 12 big changes to the party Constitution. 30 years, on the premise of maintaining the stability of the basic contents of the party Constitution, 13 and 14 and Congress of the party, 16 and 17 are with varying degrees of modification of the Constitution. Constitution modified of history, is we party 92 greatdevelopment course of miniature and show, a is show has we party tightly relies on people completed and advance three pieces event of great course; II is show has we party in led China revolution, and construction and reform long-term practice in the, constantly advance Marxist China of process, constantly advance theory innovation of great course; three is show has we party constantly summary party of construction of new created, and new experience, constantly improve party of construction scientific level of great course. This 18 big through of Constitution, except \ total 11 chapter, total 53 article, specific for master; first chapter members; second chapter party of organization system; third chapter party of Central Organization; fourth chapter party of place organization; fifth chapter party of grass-roots organizations; sixth chapter party of cadres; seventh chapter party of discipline; eighth chapter party of discipline check organ; Nineth chapter party; tenth chapter partyand Communist Youth League of relationship; 11th chapter femme fatale flag. And the party compared toParty branch Secretary of a party lecture of two speeches: tutoring covers all of the new party Constitution two education has kicked off. Study of the Constitution of this practice is a very important part. Today I'll give you a new section of the Constitution on the counselling of learning lessons, hope, through today's tutorial, further consolidation of all the party members of the new party Constitution study results to help you better understand and grasp the important knowledge in the new Constitution. This tutorial has the following three components: one is the importance of studying and implementing of the new party Constitution; second, compared with the 17 adopted by the party Constitution, the main changes in the content and interpretation of the new Constitution; the third is at this stage how to make full use of the new essence of the content of the Constitution to guide party building. Two thematic education in party lecture notes, and study and carry out the significance of the new Constitution (a) studying and implementing the party Constitution is the most basic obligations of each party member. We party party yilai, has been put learning implement Constitution as a items regular of work one of implement Yu always, and in different history background and the different reality need of situation Xia, also will as a items important sex work, concentrated to, and highlight to, and separate to be arrangements, only on reform more than 30 years to, most important of concentrated learning implement Constitution on has four times: (ii) learning implement Constitution, is maintenance party of solidarity unified, and completed party of the task of strong guarantee. Both history and reality show that only determined to uphold the supremacy of the Constitution, according to the educational management of party members and cadres at the request of the party Constitution to ensure the party strictly implement the party's policy and discipline, to maintain party unity, completed the party's various tasks to provide a strong guarantee. (C) studying and implementing the party Constitution, consolidating the party's ruling status, and the inevitable requirement of maintaining the advanced nature of the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: the Constitution is the fundamental law of the party, the party must follow the General rules. In all the activities of the party organization at all levels, will continue to guide the broad masses of party members and cadres, especially leading cadres, conscientiously study the party Constitution, abide by the party Constitution, the implementation of the party Constitution and maintaining party Constitution, should strengthen party spirit, enhance the consciousness, purpose awareness, power awareness, situation awareness, sense of responsibility, earnestly sharing sorrow for the party, responsible for the country, for the people and dedication. (D) studying and implementing the party Constitution, is to solve the problemsthe party's actual needs. Comrade XI Jinping said all party members must achieve, leading cadres should first do whatever the5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

风险标识、（风险估算）、风险评价、风险驾驭和监控。使用类创建对象的过程实际上是类的（实例化）过程。第三代界面是面向（窗口）的点选界面。

在编码阶段对代码的可测试性进行考虑可以（减少）测试阶段的工作量。测试用例的设计应有第（三）方参与。

调试的目的是确定错误的位置和引起错误的原因，并加以（改正）。

三、判断题（每小题2分，共24分，错误打X、正确打√）

1. 一个好的开发人员应具备的素质和能力包括善于分析和综合问题，具有严密的逻辑思维

能力。（√）

2. 计算机系统工程是一种从系统层面上的问题求解活动。（√）

3. 软件需求是指用户对目标软件系统在功能、性能、行为、设计约束等方面的期望。（√） 4. 数据流图就是用来刻画数据流和转换的信息系统建模技术。（√）

5. 软件过程设计不用遵循“自上而下，逐步求精”的原则和单入口单出口的结构化设计思

想。（X）

6. PDL经常表现为一种“混杂”的形式，他不允许自然语言如英语的词汇与某种结构化程序

设计语言（如Pascal、C、Ada等）的语法结构交织在一起。（X） 7. 设计阶段的输出是编码阶段的输入。（√）

8. 通过软件测试，可以发现软件中所有潜伏的错误。（X） 9. 非结构化维护用于软件的配置中只有源代码维护。（√） 10. 系统规格说明是系统分析和定义阶段生成的一种文档。（√）

11. 数据流图的分解速度应保持较高。通常一个加工每次可分解为10~20个子加工。（X） 12. 内聚度标志一个模块内部各成分彼此结合的紧密程度，按其高低程度可分为七级，内聚

度越低越好。（X）

四、简答题（每小题4分，共20分） 1、原型法模型一般适应哪些场合？

它适合于那些不能预先确切定义需求的软件系统的开发，更适合于那些项目组成员（包括分析员、设计员、程序员和用户）不能很好交流或通信有困难的情况。 2、简答结构化程序设计的内容。

是程序设计技术，它采用自顶向下逐步求精的设计方法和单入口单出口的控制构件。

3、用JSD方法开发一个软件的步骤包括：标识实体与动作、生成实体结构图和以下那些方面？

1）初建系统模型 2）扩充功能性过程 3）系统定时 4）实现

4、动态测试

动态测试是指事先设计好一组测试用例，然后通过运行程序来发现错误。

5、逻辑覆盖——指设计测试用例对程序的内部分支逻辑结构进行部分或全部覆盖的技术。

onstitution provides that no party member can do, leading cadres should take the lead in not doing. In strict accordance with the party Constitution Party member leading cadre must have six basic conditions and improve their own qualities and abilities, regular checks and pay for their own shortcomings. Especially in the ideal and belief, persist in seeking truth from facts, and promote the scientific development, maintain close ties with, strengthening moral cultivation, and strict adherence to party discipline for party members to lead by example. Second, the main change in the new Constitution and the interpretation of the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, to end on November 14, 2012 General Assembly vote, the Constitution of the Communist Party of China (Amendment) Act. 18 Congress of the partyBy the Constitution of the Communist Party of China (Amendment) Act, against 17 in six large through a revision of the party Constitution. In order to comply with thedevelopment of the situation and tasks change, every national Congress of our party will be of varying degrees of revision of the Constitution. A big party was held in 1921, due to time constraints, and developed a platform of one of the large, just a programmatic document. Our first Constitution was established by the party's second National Congress. According to the changes in the situation and tasks, after two successive congresses (except for five) different degrees of modification to the Constitution. Because of the special circumstances, the five party Constitution has not been modified, by the Politburo after changes to the Constitution. Current is developed in September 1982 the party's 12 big changes to the party Constitution. 30 years, on the premise of maintaining the stability of the basic contents of the party Constitution, 13 and 14 and Congress of the party, 16 and 17 are with varying degrees of modification of the Constitution. Constitution modified of history, is we party 92 greatdevelopment course of miniature and show, a is show has we party tightly relies on people completed and advance three pieces event of great course; II is show has we party in led China revolution, and construction and reform long-term practice in the, constantly advance Marxist China of process, constantly advance theory innovation of great course; three is show has we party constantly summary party of construction of new created, and new experience, constantly improve party of construction scientific level of great course. This 18 big through of Constitution, except \ total 11 chapter, total 53 article, specific for master; first chapter members; second chapter party of organization system; third chapter party of Central Organization; fourth chapter party of place organization; fifth chapter party of grass-roots organizations; sixth chapter party of cadres; seventh chapter party of discipline; eighth chapter party of discipline check organ; Nineth chapter party; tenth chapter partyand Communist Youth League of relationship; 11th chapter femme fatale flag. And the party compared toParty branch Secretary of a party lecture of two speeches: tutoring covers all of the new party Constitution two education has kicked off. Study of the Constitution of this practice is a very important part. oday I'll give you a new section of the Constitution on the counselling of learning lessons, hope, through today's tutorial, further consolidation of all the party members of the new party Constitution study results to help you better understand and grasp the important knowledge in the new Constitution. This tutorial has the following three components: one is the importance of studying and implementing of the new party Constitution; second, compared with the 17 adopted by the party Constitution, the main changes in the content and interpretation of the new Constitution; the third is at this stage how to make full use of the new essence of the content of the Constitution to guide party building. Two thematic education in party lecture notes, and study and carry out the significance of the new Constitution (a) studying and implementing the party Constitution is the most basic obligations of each party member. We party party yilai, has been put learning implement Constitution as a items regular of work one of implement Yu always, and in different history background and the different reality need of situation Xia, also will as a items important sex work, concentrated to, and highlight to, and separate to be arrangements, only on reform more than 30 years to, most important of concentrated learning implement Constitution on has four times: (ii) learning implement Constitution, is maintenance party of solidarity unified, and completed party of the task of strong guarantee. Both history and reality show that only determined to uphold the supremacy of the Constitution, according to the educational management of party members and cadres at the request of the party Constitution to ensure the party strictly implement the party's policy and discipline, to maintain party unity, completed the party's various tasks to provide a strong guarantee. (C) studying and implementing the party Constitution, consolidating the party's ruling status, and the inevitable requirement of maintaining the advanced nature of the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: the Constitution is the fundamental law of the party, the party must follow the General rules. In all the activities of the party organization at all levels, will continue to guide the broad masses of party members and cadres, especially leading cadres, conscientiously study the party Constitution, abide by the party Constitution, the implementation of the party Constitution and maintaining party Constitution, should strengthen party spirit, enhance the consciousness, purpose awareness, power awareness, situation awareness, sense of responsibility, earnestly sharing sorrow for the party, responsible for the country, for the people and dedication. (D) studying and implementing the party Constitution, is to solve the problems the party's actual needs. Comrade XI Jinping said all party members must achieve, leading cadres should first do whatever the五、综合题（每小题10分，共20分） 1、软件工程的目标是什么？

答：在给定成本、进度的前提下，开发出具有可修改性、有效性、可靠性、可理解性、可维护性、可重用性、可适应性、可移植性、可追踪性和可互操作性并满足用户需求的软件产品。

2、什么是判定/条件覆盖？为以下程序流程图设计判定/条件覆盖测试用例并标明程序执行路径。

开始a(x>1) AND (y=0)Fc(x=2) OR (z>1)Fe结束TTbd语句段1语句段2 解：1）判定/条件覆盖——它是指设计足够的测试用例，即满足条件覆盖又满足判定覆盖。 2）测试用例：x=2，y=0，z=3（覆盖x>1，y=0，x=2，z>1，通过路径abcde）； x=1，y=1，z=1（覆盖x≤1，y≠0，x≠2，z≤1，通过路径ace）。

一、单向选择题（四选一、每小题2分，共18分）

1、统计表明，软件测试工作往往占软件开发总工作量的（B）%以上。 A. 20 B. 40 C. 60 D. 80

2、单元测试的测试对象是（B）。 A. 系统

B. 程序模块。 C. 模块接口 D. 系统功能

3、软件总体设计是指软件总体结构设计和数据设计，该阶段的主要任务不包括（D）。 A. 设计软件的模块结构 B. 定义接口并建立数据结构

C. 生成概要设计规格说明和组装测试计划 D. 模块设计

4、软件开发部分的任务是将系统对软件的需求转换成可操作的系统要素，即（A） A. 软件 B. 硬件 C. 文本 D. 说明

5、维护工作量的估算模型为：M＝P+Ke(c-d)其中：M代表（A）。 A. 维护所用工作量 B. 生产性工作量 C. 助动性工作量 D. 经验常数

6、维护的副作用可分三类，不包括（D）。 A. 代码副作用 B. 数据副作用 C. 文档副作用 D. 人员副作用

二、填空题（每空2分，共18分）

1. 软件工程由（方法）、工具和过程三部分组成，称软件工程的三要素。 2. 基于计算机系统的软件要素中的软部件由程序、数据和（文档）组成。 3. 数据流图就是用来刻画数据流和转换的信息系统建模技术。它用简单的图形记号分

别表示数据流、转换、（数据源）以及外部实体。 4. 被继承的类我们称之为基类（父类），在基类的基础上新建立的类我们称之为派生

类子类。

5. 流程图也称为程序框图是最常用的一种表示法，它有顺序、分支和（循环）三个基

本控制构件。

onstitution provides that no party member can do, leading cadres should take the lead in not doing. In strict accordance with the party Constitution Party member leading cadre must have six basic conditions and improve their own qualities and abilities, regular checks and pay for their own shortcomings. Especially in the ideal and belief, persist in seeking truth from facts, and promote the scientific development, maintain close ties with, strengthening moral cultivation, and strict adherence to party discipline for party members to lead by example. Second, the main change in the new Constitution and the interpretation of the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, to end on November 14, 2012 General Assembly vote, the Constitution of the Communist Party of China (Amendment) Act. 18 Congress of the partyBy the Constitution of the Communist Party of China (Amendment) Act, against 17 in six large through a revision of the party Constitution. In order to comply with thedevelopment of the situation and tasks change, every national Congress of our party will be of varying degrees of revision of the Constitution. A big party was held in 1921, due to time constraints, and developed a platform of one of the large, just a programmatic document. Our first Constitution was established by the party's second National Congress. According to the changes in the situation and tasks, after two successive congresses (except for five) different degrees of modification to the Constitution. Because of the special circumstances, the five party Constitution has not been modified, by the Politburo after changes to the Constitution. Current is developed in September 1982 the party's 12 big changes to the party Constitution. 30 years, on the premise of maintaining the stability of the basic contents of the party Constitution, 13 and 14 and Congress of the party, 16 and 17 are with varying degrees of modification of the Constitution. Constitution modified of history, is we party 92 greatdevelopment course of miniature and show, a is show has we party tightly relies on people completed and advance three pieces event of great course; II is show has we party in led China revolution, and construction and reform long-term practice in the, constantly advance Marxist China of process, constantly advance theory innovation of great course; three is show has we party constantly summary party of construction of new created, and new experience, constantly improve party of construction scientific level of great course. This 18 big through of Constitution, except \ total 11 chapter, total 53 article, specific for master; first chapter members; second chapter party of organization system; third chapter party of Central Organization; fourth chapter party of place organization; fifth chapter party of grass-roots organizations; sixth chapter party of cadres; seventh chapter party of discipline; eighth chapter party of discipline check organ; Nineth chapter party; tenth chapter partyand Communist Youth League of relationship; 11th chapter femme fatale flag. And the party compared toParty branch Secretary of a party lecture of two speeches: tutoring covers all of the new party Constitution two education has kicked off. Study of the Constitution of this practice is a very important part. oday I'll give you a new section of the Constitution on the counselling of learning lessons, hope, through today's tutorial, further consolidation of all the party members of the new party Constitution study results to help you better understand and grasp the important knowledge in the new Constitution. This tutorial has the following three components: one is the importance of studying and implementing of the new party Constitution; second, compared with the 17 adopted by the party Constitution, the main changes in the content and interpretation of the new Constitution; the third is at this stage how to make full use of the new essence of the content of the Constitution to guide party building. Two thematic education in party lecture notes, and study and carry out the significance of the new Constitution (a) studying and implementing the party Constitution is the most basic obligations of each party member. We party party yilai, has been put learning implement Constitution as a items regular of work one of implement Yu always, and in different history background and the different reality need of situation Xia, also will as a items important sex work, concentrated to, and highlight to, and separate to be arrangements, only on reform more than 30 years to, most important of concentrated learning implement Constitution on has four times: (ii) learning implement Constitution, is maintenance party of solidarity unified, and completed party of the task of strong guarantee. Both history and reality show that only determined to uphold the supremacy of the Constitution, according to the educational management of party members and cadres at the request of the party Constitution to ensure the party strictly implement the party's policy and discipline, to maintain party unity, completed the party's various tasks to provide a strong guarantee. (C) studying and implementing the party Constitution, consolidating the party's ruling status, and the inevitable requirement of maintaining the advanced nature of the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: the Constitution is the fundamental law of the party, the party must follow the General rules. In all the activities of the party organization at all levels, will continue to guide the broad masses of party members and cadres, especially leading cadres, conscientiously study the party Constitution, abide by the party Constitution, the implementation of the party Constitution and maintaining party Constitution, should strengthen party spirit, enhance the consciousness, purpose awareness, power awareness, situation awareness, sense of responsibility, earnestly sharing sorrow for the party, responsible for the country, for the people and dedication. (D) studying and implementing the party Constitution, is to solve the problems the party's actual needs. Comrade XI Jinping said all party members must achieve, leading cadres should first do whatever the6. 7. 8. 9.

机器语言和汇编语言，也称为（低级）语言。

软件测试是执行程序发现并排除程序中潜伏的（错误）的过程。动态测试有两种测试方法：黑盒测试和（白盒）测试。

软件可维护性，是指软件产品交付使用后，在实现改正潜伏的错误、改进性能等属性、适应环境变化等方面工作的（难易）程度。

三、判断题（每小题2分，共24分，错误打X、正确打√）

1. 文档记录软件开发活动和阶段成果，具有永久性，可供人或机器阅读。（√） 2. 生产高质量的软件产品是软件工程的首要目标。（√） 3. 软件开发人员对用户需求的理解有偏差，这将导致软件产品与用户的需求不一致，是产

生软件危机的唯一原因。（X）

4. 开发一个软件项目总存在某些不确定性，即存在风险。有些风险如果控制得不好，可能

导致灾难性的后果。（√）

5. 面向对象设计是将面向对象分析所创建的分析模型进一步细化形成软件设计模型的过

程。（√）

6. 只有了解用户、了解任务，才能设计出好的用户界面。（√） 7. 结构化维护用于待维护的软件的配置是完整的维护。（√） 8. 用户本身的技能，个性上的差异，行为方式的不同，不会对人机界面使用造成影响。（X） 9. 程序的可靠性、可维护性和效率通常由程序设计语言、源代码的质量、和语言的实现机

制决定的。（√）

10. 程序文档一般指以注释的形式嵌入程序中的代码描述。（√） 11. 为提高可交互性一般应提高用户对话、移动和思考的效率，即最大可能地减少击键次数，

缩短鼠标移动的距离，避免使用户产生无所适从的感觉。（√） 12. 一般单元测试不可以并行进行。(X)

四、简答题（每小题4分，共20分）

1、软件工程的原则有抽象、信息隐藏、模块化和其他那些内容？局部化一致性完全性可验证性

2、常用的软件项目的估算方法主要有哪4种？ 1．自顶向下的估算方法 2．自底向上的估算方法 3．差别估算法

4．根据经验估算公式

3、一个PDL的原型，它可以建立在任意一个通用的结构化程序设计语言之上。其基本成分包括：子程序定义、界面描述、数据说明和其它那些内容？块结构分支结构循环结构 I/O结构

5、软件测试过程一般可划分为哪几个主要阶段？单元测试集成测试验收测试系统测试

五、综合题（每小题10分，共20分） 1、请简述编码原则

1）编写易于修改和维护的代码 2）编写易于测试的代码 3）编写详细的程序文档

4）编程中采用统一的标准和约定，降低程序的复杂性 5）分离功能独立的代码块形成新的模块

2、什么是条件覆盖？并为以下程序流程图设计条件覆盖测试用例并标明程序执行路径。

开始a(x>1) AND (y=0)Fc(x=2) OR (z>1)Fe结束TTbd语句段1语句段2 解：1）条件覆盖——条件覆盖是指设计足够的测试用例，使每个判定表达式中的每个条件的每种可能值都至少出现一次。

设计如下两组测试用例，可以满足条件覆盖的标准： x=2，y=0，z=3

（覆盖x>1，y=0，x=2，z>1，通过路径abcde）； x=1，y=1，z=1

（覆盖x≤1，y≠0，x≠2，z≤1，通过路径ace）。

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