（C） liking （D） tendency
15.According to the passage, middle children are likely to _______. （A） distance themselves from the rest of the family （B） outdo their siblings in adult life
（C） become good diplomatic mediators or negotiators （D） learn the fine art of compromise from their parents Questions 16-20
Bernard Jackson is a free man today, but he has many bitter memories. Jackson spent five years in prison after a jury wrongly convicted him of raping two women. At Jackson's trial, although two witnesses testified that Jackson was with them in another location at the times of the crimes, he was convicted anyway. Why? The jury believed the testimony of the two victims, who positively identified Jackson as the man who has attacked them. The court eventually freed Jackson after the police found the man who had really committed the crimes. Jackson was similar in appearance to the guilty man. The two women has made a mistake in identity. As a result, Jackson has lost five years of his life.
The two women in this case were eyewitnesses. They clearly saw the man who attacked them, yet they mistakenly identified an innocent person. Similar incidents have occurred before. Eyewitnesses to other crimes have identified the wrong person in a police lineup or in photographs. Many factors influence the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. For instance, witnesses sometimes see photographs of several suspects before they try to identify the person they saw in a lineup of people. They can become confused by seeing many photographs or similar faces. The number of people in the lineup, and whether it is a live lineup or a photograph, may also affect a witness's decision. People sometimes have difficulty identifying people of other races. The questions the police ask witnesses also have an effect on them.
Are some witnesses more reliable than others? Many people believe that police officers are more reliable than ordinary people. Psychologists decided to test this idea, and they discovered that it is not true. Two psychologists showed a film of crimes to both police officers and
civilians. The psychologists found no difference between the police and the civilians in correctly remembering the details of the crimes. Despite all the possibilities for inaccuracy, courts cannot exclude eyewitness testimony from a trial. American courts depend almost
completely on eyewitness testimony to resolve court cases. Sometimes it is the only evidence to a crime, such as rape. Furthermore, eyewitness testimony is often correct. Although people do sometimes make mistakes, many times they really do identify individuals correctly.
American courts depend on the ability of the 12 jurors, and not the judges, to determine the accuracy of the witness's testimony. It is their responsibility to decide if a certain witness could actually see, hear, and remember what occurred.
In a few cases, the testimony of eyewitnesses has convicted innocent people. More importantly, it has rightly convicted a larger number of guilty people; consequently, it continues to be of great value in the American judicial system.
16.What is the main idea of the passage?
（A） Bernard Jackson spent five years in prison for no crime of his own.
（B） Eyewitness testimony, although sometimes incorrect, is valuable. （C） Police officers are no better eyewitnesses than civilians are. （D） American courts rightly convict a larger number of guilty people. 17.Why was Bernard Jackson found guilty and imprisoned for five years? （A） He committed the crime of raping two women. （B） The victims mistook him for the real criminal. （C） He had a previous criminal record.
（D） No witness testified that he was in another location at the time of the crime.
18.According to the passage, _______ might influence the witness's identification of suspects.
（A） the education of the witness
（B） the time of day the crime occurs （C） the appearances of the suspect （D） the age of the suspect
19.We know from the passage that _______ will be most helpful in resolving a rape case.
（A） a live lineup or a photo of people （B） the questions the police ask （C） the responsibility of the jurors （D） the eyewitness testimony
20.According to the passage, who are in a position to decide whether a witness testimony is reliable? （A） The police. （B） The prosecutors. （C） The judges. （D） The jurors. Questions 21-25
I have just come home after viewing some astonishing works of art that were recently discovered in Church Hole cave in Nottinghamshire. They are not drawings, as one would expect, but etchings, and they depict a huge range of wild animals. The artists who created them lived around 13,000 years ago, and the images are remarkable on a variety of counts. First of all, their sheer number is staggering, there are ninety all told. Moreover, fifty-eight of them are on the ceiling. This is extremely rare in cave art, according to a leading expert, Dr Wilbur Samson of Central Midlands University. Wall pictures are the norm, he says. 'But more importantly, the Church Hole etchings are an incredible artistic
achievement. They can hold their own in comparison with the best found in continental Europe.' 1 am not a student of the subject, so I have to take his word for it. However, you do not have to be an expert to appreciate their beauty.
In fact, it is the wider significance of the etchings that is likely to attract most attention in academic circles, since they radically alter our view of life in Britain during this epoch. It had previously been thought that ice-age hunters in this country were isolated from people in more central areas of Europe, but the Church Hole images prove that ancient Britons were part of a culture that had spread right across the continent. And they were at least as sophisticated culturally as their counterparts on the mainland.
An initial survey of the site last year failed to reveal the presence of the etchings. The reason lies in the expectations of the researchers. They had been looking for the usual type of cave drawing or painting, which shows up best under direct light. Consequently, they used powerful torches, shining them straight onto the rock face. However, the Church Hole images are modifications of the rock itself, and show up best when seen from a certain angle in the natural light of early morning. Having been fortunate to see them at this hour, I can only say that I was deeply-and
unexpectedly-moved. While most cave art often seems to have been created in a shadowy past very remote from us, these somehow convey the impression that they were made yesterday.
Dr Samson feels that the lighting factor provides important
information about the likely function of these works of art. 'I think the artists knew very well that the etchings would hardly be visible except early in the morning. We can therefore deduce that the chamber was used for rituals involving animal worship, and that they were conducted just after dawn as a preliminary to the day's hunting.'
To which 1 can only add that I felt deeply privileged to have been able to view Church Hole. It is a site of tremendous importance culturally and is part of the heritage, not only of this country, but the world as a whole.
21.According to the passage, the images in Church Hole cave are _______.
（A） unique examples of ceiling art （B） particularly beautiful cave paintings
（C） superior in quality to other cave art in Britain （D） aesthetically exceptional
22.What is the broader significance of these images?
（A） They indicate that people from central Europe had settled in Britain.
（B） They prove that ancient Britons hunted over large areas. （C） They reveal the existence of a single ice-age culture in Europe. （D） They suggest that people in continental Europe were more sophisticated than Britons.
23.Why were the images not discovered during the initial survey? （A） Traditional way of viewing was employed. （B） People were not expecting to find any images. （C） Modern equipment was used to explore the cave.
（D） The torches the researchers used were not powerful enough. 24.What conclusions does Dr. Samson draw from the lighting factor? （A） Animal worship rituals were common in the morning. （B） The artists never intended to make the images visible. （C） The images were intended for early morning rituals.
（D） Ice-age hunters used torches in worshipping animals in the cave. 25.It is obvious that the writer _______.
（A） can now fully envisage the life of ice-age hunters （B） was profoundly impressed by the images in the cave （C） has now realized the true significance of most cave art （D） thinks the images should receive more publicity Questions 26-30
Every generation has its emblematic boy's toy. Once upon a time there was the golf cart: a little toy car specifically designed for middle-aged men too rich to care about looking ridiculous. Later came the beach buggy, a briefly fashionable, wildly impractical, single-terrain vehicle. One