sorry to have kept you waiting long. 对不起让你久等了。(to have kept...是不定式的完成形式) Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful. 从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。(Seen from...是分词的被动形式) 4 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。 Our coming made him happy. 我们的到来使他很高兴。(coming 起名词作用) There are two big swimming pools here. 这儿有两个大型游泳池。(swimming 起形容词作用)
表语
表语与连系动词连用，构成系表结构，说明主语的身份或特征，一般由形容词、名词、动名
词、动词不定式、分词等充当。如:
They are brother and sister. 他们是兄妹。 What I want to say is this. 我想说的就是这点。 Her father is sixty-five. 她父亲65岁。
John is captain of the team. 约翰是足球队的队长。
The poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。 The ones who really want it are ourselves. 真正想要它的是我们自己。 All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport. 你只需从机场打个的即可。 My favourite sport is swimming. 我最喜爱的运动是游泳。
宾语
宾语是行为动作的对象，一般可分为动词宾语和介词宾语，充当宾语的可以是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或整个句子。宾语又称受词，是指一个动作(动词)的接受者。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语两大类，
如:
I like Chinese food. 我喜欢中国菜。
I bought a ticket for Milan. 我买了一张去米兰的车票。 I enjoyed talking to you. 我和你谈话很高兴。 Have you finished dressing? 你衣服穿好了吗?
He certainly did not want to join them. 他确实不想参加他们的活动。 They decided to close the border. 他们决定封闭边境。
We hoped that all would come well. 我们希望一切都会好转。 We expected that you would stay for a few days. 我们预计你会待几天的。
一：双宾语 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，其中一个宾语多指人，另一个宾语指物，指人的宾语叫做间接宾语，指物的宾语叫做直接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面，如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面，但间接宾语前须加\。 比如pass me the book中，me是间接宾语，指人，也是近宾语;the book是直接宾语，指物，也是远宾语。又如:They gave him a watch. 这里的him 是间接宾语， a watch 是直接宾语， 这种间接宾语和直接宾语同时出现的情况叫双宾语。 常用宾语 常用的能接双宾语的及物动词有: bring ,give, teach, buy, lend, find, hand, leave, sell, show, read等。
My father bought me a book. 我父亲给我买了一本书。 Give the rubber to me. 把橡皮给我。
Please give the letter to XiaoLi. 请把这封信给小李。 二：宾语补足语
宾语补足语是位于之后，说明宾语的状态，特征的成分，多由名词，形容词，副词，不定式，动名词和分词充当。 宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的，双宾语是同等地位的宾语，二者在本质上是不同的。有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外，还需要加上宾语补足语，否则意思不完整，它们一起构成复合宾语，复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系，这也是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据，宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。
We all call him LaoWang. 我们都叫他老王。 Please color it red. 请给它涂上红颜色。
We found the little girl in the hill. 我们在山上找到了小女孩。 三：复合宾语 宾语+ 宾语补足语=复合宾语
定语
定语为句子的次要成分，起修饰限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。一般由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词(短语) 或句充当。
His father is a doctor. 他父亲是一名医生。 Mr. Green has two sons. 格林先生有两个儿子。
The girl under the tree is Kate. 在树底下的那个女孩是凯特。 The man downstairs couldn?t sleep well. 楼下的那个人不能睡好觉。
I bought a new dictionary. 我买了本新字典。
Can you find out the answer to the question,你能找到这个问题的答案吗, Would you like something to drink? 你想要些喝的东西吗,
A barking dog seldom bites. 吠狗很少咬人。 A man going to die is always kind-hearted. 人之将死，其言也善。 The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted. 送往委员会的建议被采纳了。 Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr. Green? 你认识站在格林先生旁边的那个人吗,
状语
英语中的状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，主要由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词充当，或由连词引导状语从句，表示时间、地点、程度、目的、方式，比较、让步、条件、原因、结果、伴随等。
1(说明事物发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，结果方式，条件或伴随情况，程度等情况的词叫状语。
2(状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
3、状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中，修饰动词、形容词、副词等
A、副词一般在句子中做状语
He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好.
He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree是地点状语. B、不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。 I come specially to see you.我专门来看你. C、介词短语
Ten years ago,She began to live in Dalian. The boy was praised for his bravery.
D、从句作状语
When she was 12 years old,she began to live in Dalian. If I am not busy tomorrow,I will play football with you. E、分词作状语
Having had a quarrel with his wife,he left home in a bad temper。
Inhibited in one direction,it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.
(1) 时间状语
I often get up at 5:30 in the morning. 我常常在早上5:30起床。
Hearing the news, they felt very excited. 听到这个消息，他们感到很兴奋。 Go along this street until you reach the end. 沿着这条街走直到到达尽头为止。
(2) 地点状语
Pandas only live in China. 熊猫仅生活在中国。
You should put the book where it was. 你应该把这本书放回原来的地方。 (3) 程度状语
I have quite a lot of work to do. 我有相当多的工作要做。 (4) 目的状语
We?ll go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday. 这个星期天我们将去沙滩野炊。 He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper. 他从口袋里掏出一些零钱来买报纸。 She got up early so that she could catch the first bus. 她早早地起床，以便能够赶上这辆早班车。
(5) 方式状语
We usually go to school on foot. 我们通常步行去上学。