作文
写作的重要性 6分最低限，只要结构不出错，得分应该为9分。 评判作文
四级考试作文主要看内容、结构、语言三个方面。
内容不跑题即可，注意：1.不要妄图以情动人；2.不要妄图在构思上出奇制胜。
结构上牢记总分总：先写主题句(Topic Sentence)，再写分论点，最后写总结句(Conclusion)。 语言最重要，往往使评分产生重大差异，语言要模仿和包装。 基本表达
人们认为：it is generally/ widely believed/ held/ agreed that
越来越：be increasingly + adj., be on the rise, the growing number of 万能理由（Omnipotence）
. 方便：convenient/ convenience . 效率：efficient/ efficiently/ efficiency
. 节省和浪费：save time/ money/ space; economical, thrift
waste time/ money/ space; costly, lavish . 人的心理健康：independent, cooperative, competitive,
considerate, confident, creative, sociable, perseverance; selfish, isolated, conserative . 人的身体健康：health, disease, strong, strength, energetic . 娱乐：colorful, pleasure,joy, recreation, entertainmentm, relax tired, boring, lonely
. 环境：environment, pollute, poisonous, dirty . 安全和危险：safe, danger, risk
. 经验：experience, social experience, enter the society 0. 人际：humane, fair, unfair, help, assist, freedom, freely 写完之后修改注意：（内容方面尽量不要修改） 、字母大小写 、怪符号 、单词拼写 、主谓一致 、动词时态 、名词单复数
实例一
题目：Bicycles――An Important Means of Transport in China提纲：（1）为什么自行车在中国这样普及（2）和汽车的比较（3）自行车在中国的前途 core: 8
Bicycle is an important means of transport in China. The important reason of it is the economy of Chinese. The use of icycle in China is widely because people in China have not high wage. They can only afford a bicycle, and they have no money o buy a car which is too expensive. So Chinese usually buy a bicycle, and use it to go to work, or go to travel and so on. The ther reason is the large population of China. All these made the bicycle become the important means of transport.
The bicycle, compared to the car, is not too expensive and it is easy to learn and to use and it can save the surface of putting . It doesn’t ask to build the garage like car. This point is very important to China, because of the lack of land. It isn’t too xpensive, so Chinese can afford it. It doesn’t need any oil, and it can’t cause the polusion. All of these are the good needs ompared to the car.
In the future, bicycle will be widely used. And it will be in good demand. People will produce much more modern bicycles. core: 14
icycles are very popular in China. Almost every family in the city has two or three bicycles. During the rush hour, you can see hat thousands of people -- man and woman, old and young -- ride their bicycles to work and study. That is why China is called he kingdom of bicycles”.
注：1. 第一句总写，第二句和第三句分写，最后总写。 2. During the rush hour 分词结构开头。 3. 破折号内容为同位语,句式多变化。
ompared with cars, bicycles are superior in many ways. First, they are cheap, convenient and easy to ride. Second, riding icycle is good for health. Third, they bring no noise nor air pollution. Though cars are faster and more comfortable, they are too xpensive. They consume plenty of oil and they pollute the air. Sometimes, it is difficult for a driver to park his car. Moreover hey often cause traffic jams and accidents. 注：1. Compared with cars 分词结构开头。
2. be superior to/ be inferior to 优于/ 低于
3. thirst, second, third 英语语言有层次感，信号词
4. cheap 便宜，最好用inexpensive
5. be good for health 对健康有好处（万能理由） 6. Moreover 表示递进
n my opinion, the future of bicycle is very promising. Since China is a developing country and has a large population, I think, ding bicycle is appropriate to Chinese present conditions. It will be an important means of transportation for quite a long time. 注：promising 有前途的 a promising young man core: 11
There millions of bicycles in today’s China. Bicycles are very important means of transport in people’s daily lives. Because to de a bicycle is very simple, to buy a bicycle will not cost so much money, to park a bicycle needs just a small room and to ride a icycle does not need oil but the rider’s strength, bicycles are popular all over the world, especially in China. 注：第一句应该用there be结构
ompared with a car, a bicycle is much cheaper. It is more suitable for China as a developing country. And a bicycle has almost aused no pollution but a car has. On the contrary, a bicycle is too slow, it costs more times than a car.
think the population of China’s bicycle will be kept for the long run. Because it will be replaced by a car, a bus and so on in some eveloped areas in China, and it will be made a wide use in the developing areas in China, the number of bicycles in China will e the same as today but I believe that it’s quality will be improved.
、对比观点选择题：1.有人认为……； 2.另外一些人认为……； 3.谈谈你的观点和看法。（最好写成4段）
实例二 99年6月真题
Reading Selectively Or Extensively?
Outline: 1. 有人认为读书要有选择2. 有人认为应当博览群书 3. 我的想法 ow should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view. ome people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and technology, more nd more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. What’s more, there are many bad books that are oisonous to our mind, and we shouldn’t read them. Since we can’t read all the books and we shouldn’t read bad books, we must read selectively. ut others may not agree, they emphasize that today's society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge, he ill have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. ince we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively. Who’s right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field. 典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构： （启）Paragraph I：（1）引出将要评论的事物或者是观点； （2）简明扼要的提出人们在这个问题上的两种不同看法。 core: 14分 ow should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.（启） 注：第一句提出问题，第二句提出两种见解 典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构： （承）Paragraph II：（1）提出一种观点或优点；（2）本段的支持性分论点；（3）本段总结（可以省略）。 ome people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. What’s more, there are many bad books that re poisonous to our mind, and we shouldn’t read them. Since we can’t read all the books and we shouldn’t read bad books, we must read selectively.（承） 注：1. 本段总分总结构 2. they argue that = they think that 3. with the development of... 随着……的发展 4. what's more 递进关系，moreover 5. bad = pornographic 色情的 & violent 暴力的 典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：（转）Paragraph III：（1）承上启下的过渡句； （2）提出另一种观点或缺点；（3）本段的支持性分论点（4）本段总（可以省略）。 ut others may not agree, they emphasize that today's society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge, e will have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. ince we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.（转） 注：1. But 转折词（信号词） 2. they emphasize that = they think that 3. today's society is not what it was 现代社会今昔非比 4. 许多知识 a wide range of knowledge/ a large scope of knowledge/ much knowledge； 获取知识 acquire/ get knowledge 5. knows nothing→little；he may be useless→he may not be of great use to the society 后者比前者更委婉 典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：（合）Paragraph IV：（1）平衡两种看法；（2）给出自己的观点。 Who’s right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.（合） core: 11分 When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, but some other people do not agree with them, they think that reading extensively is better. 注：结构非常好，可以套用。 hose people, who think that reading selectively is better, believe that good books are as many as bad books. Those good ooks can give us pleasure and knowledge, while those bad books can only lead us to the wrong way. So, they suggest that we hould only choose the good books to read and never touch the bad books. 注：1.“people, who...,”应去掉逗号，改为限制性定语从句。 2. as many as bad books 改为 as many as bad ones 3. lead us to the wrong way 改为 lead sb. astray 4. they suggest that = they think that 5. touch 碰（闪光点词汇：如教材P7：shouldering the responsibility of doing sth. 肩负起责任） ut, the other people, who hold that reading extensively is better, think that one kind of books can only give us one aspect of nowledge. Even the best book only contains one field of information. So, they can easily come to the conclusion that “to now more, to read more”. So they believe that reading extensively is better. 注：1. hold 认为 同样表示“think”的词还有argue, emphasize, believe, suggest, claim, insist, maintain, agree, hold 2. the best book 在西方国家是“圣经”的意思 3. to know more, to read more 错误，中式英语 o my point, we should choose good books to read and read good books as many as possible. By this way, we can increase the uality and quantity of reading. 范文22. Is Television a Blessing or a Curse? ow, it is generally accepted that television plays an important part in people’s lives. But, there is an ongoing heated iscussion as to whether television is a blessing or a curse. 注：it is generally accepted that 人们通常认为
s is often pointed out by some people, television keeps one better informed about current events, allows one to follow the atest developments in politics and science, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and stimulating. he most distant countries, the strangest customs and the most attractive scenes of nature are brought right into one’s room. 注：1. As is often pointed out by some people = Some people think that 2. “使……”不用make，而用keep, allow, offer
owever, other people insist that television is a curse rather than a blessing. They argue that it has brought about many serious roblems. The major one is its effects on young people. They are now so used to getting their information, education and ntertainment from television that their literacy as well as physical ability has been greatly weakened. Even worse than that, ulgar commercials and indecent programs may cultivate their bad tastes, distort their viewpoints towards human life to such a egree that their minds might be corrupted.
In summary, television has both advantages and disadvantages. Whatever effects it has, one thing is certain, elevision in itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses to which it is put that determines its value to society.
范文5. Travelling
People who like travelling have their reasons. They maintain that travelling can help them expand their scope of nowledge, especially geographical and historical learning. They go on to point out that touring will provide more chance for hem to enjoy food and try on clothes that they otherwise cannot possible have. 注：geographical and historical 押尾韵，如：押头韵 clear & clean
Those who dislike travelling have their reasons. They would argue that travelling means a considerable amount of money and energy. For example, traffic and accommodation require money and walking while seeing sights often tires you.
In practice, travelling does more good than harm. If your finance and health permit, you might as well do some travelling om time to time. It will at least enable you to get familiar with people and things that you will probably grow to like and love. 注：1. in practice = I think 2. does more good than harm 好处比坏处多，其他表达方法：be superior to/ inferior to 比如：the dvantages are superior to the disadvantages 3. enable 使
范文1. Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?
test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test (CET). Some people argue that it absolutely necessary to hold a test of spoken English in China because we have been informed frequently that a Chinese tudent who has been learning English for over ten years cannot even communicate with a native speaker. Sometimes even hose top students who excel in grammar and writing skills find their English inadequate to express their thoughts freely. A test of nglish will bring the college students an awareness of the importance of oral English, and will thus help them with their ommunicating skills.
使句子具有表现力的手段：1、用形容词修饰名词；2、副词修饰动词、副词修饰形容词
On the other hand, some others still maintain that a good command of reading and writing skills will be enough for the nglish learners. To some extent their opinion derives from the fact that students are already under considerable pressure from heir opinion derives from the fact that students are already under considerable pressure from their coursework. Another required
est will only add to their burden. Moreover, some students may take the shortcut by focusing on several guessed questions ccording to the fixed format of the test, hoping for a coincidence to bring them good luck.
In my opinion, a test of spoken English will do more good than harm. Since China will continue its policy of opening and eform, the ability to speak English fluently is a must for anyone who wants to surpass others in a highly competitive society. Whether I take the test or not, I shall spare no efforts to practice oral English in the remaining years of my college study.
范文21. Should smoking be banned?
hould smoking be banned? Answers to this question vary greatly. Some people are in favor of the idea of smoking. They lways say that it can get rid of the tiredness and make them refreshed. And they also say that giving and being given garettes is a sign of friendship. Therefore, they carry cigarettes with them wherever they go. 注：1. vary greatly 许多种2. be in favor of = agree/ be of the opinion that . get rid of the tiredness and make them refreshed 使人神清气爽
4. Giving and being given 给与被给。主、被动关系在英文中用现在、过去分词表达。
But other people consider it very harmful to people’s health. They have heard the official reports that one person in the orld dies from smoking every second. And they have heard the doctor’s warning that smokers are more likely to have lung ancer and to increase their chances of having heart attack. In addition, smoking pollutes the air and may cause fire accidents. hus it has become a major threat to people’s life and property.
注：1.They have heard the official reports that ... 官方报告表明.. 2. be more likely to 更有可能，更容易3. chance 可能
There is some truth in both arguments, but human’s life and property outweighs anything else. If smoking brings us illness and death, why not have it banned by the government? Without cigarettes, can’t we come up with better ways to express our friendship and to make us refreshed?注：1. outweigh 比……重要，同样的表达：be superior to/ be inferior to。overweight 超重2. 最后用两句反问句结尾，非常精妙
课后作业 Private Cars 成4段的首段写法：
① In recent years, with fast economic growth, private cars have appeared in many families in China. People's attitude toward
private cars varies widely.
② With the increase in the general standard of living, some ordinary Chinese families begin to afford a private car. Yet, people's pinions of private cars vary from person to person/ public attitude toward it varies greatly/ widely./ is quite of the contrary./ differs harply. ③ In recent few years, the phenomenon/ issue/ problem of owning a private car has been brought to public attention/ in the melight. People's views on/ opinions of owing a private car vary widely. 写成3段的首段写法：
With the development of modern society/ science and technology, / With the improvement of people's living standard, more and more people can own private cars. ars are entering ordinary families.
he growing number of people/ people in ever increasing numbers can have access to private cars.(此句是引言) 支持段的主题句：
ome people claim that/ As is pointed out that/ It is generally believed that/ It is widely accepted that, there are some advantages f owning a private car.
here is no doubt that private cars benefit people hugely. 支持段的分论点：
① 方便 First, private cars provide people with the most convenient form of transportation.
② 舒适 Second, it is comfortable for people to travel in, especially in changeable weather/ raining days/ sand storm.
③ 炫耀 Third, only a private car can show a person's social status/ achievement/ success/ prosperity in his or her career. 否定段的主题句：① However (Nonetheless/ Nevertheless/ But), there are some disadvantages of owing a private car/ Every oin has two sides.
② While enjoying the convenience that private cars bring us, we should not ignore the problem they create/ produce/ introduce/ make. ③ Despite/ In spite of/ For all the advantages, they brings their own disadvantages/ problems/ negative effects ④ Like anything else, private cars also have their own weakness/ limits. ⑤ However, private cars are not without shortcomings/ faults.
⑥ Yet other speak of the problems private cars have brought. They complain that......
⑦ However, private cars may also bring with it problems our society had not previously faced.
⑧ Despite the increase in efficiency and convenience generated by private cars, the changes they bring could very well lead to otentially adverse consequences. 否定段的分论点：
① 占有空间 On the one hand, private cars take up/ occupy too much space.
② 交通事故 On the other hand, a driver should be careful/ cautious while driving, otherwise, car accidents are more likely to appen.
③ 污染环境 What's more/In addition, private cars give off/ discharge/ release CO which pollute the environment/ air.
注意：所谓上义词是指抽象、概括和笼统的，就是比较superordinate的词；而下义词就是具体的东西，即subordinate的东西。 第四段（总结段）的写法：
① Despite all the disadvantages mentioned above, I still think that the advantages outweigh/ are greater than the disadvantages. s for the above problem, I'm sure they will be settled by the scientists in the future/ It is only a matter of time for the problems to e solved.
② Unquestionably, the challenge of private cars means we all should consider how we can control them, so that they will not ontrol us.
③ Whether the private cars are a blessing or a curse is a difficult question to answer, yet the desire for the comfort and ndependence a private car can bring will not be elminated.
④ Anyway/ Anyhow/ In any case, whether the effect is good or bad, one thing is certain: private cars have changed and will ontinue to change the way of our transportation, our leisure and our life. 选择题型变体逻辑结构（My View on Sth.） 选择性观点的变体的文章写作逻辑结构：
aragraph I:（1）引出将要评论的事物或者是观点； （2）简明扼要的提出人们在这个问题上的两种不同看法。 aragraph II:（1）提出作者观点（本文主题句）； （2）举例加以论证。
aragraph III:（1）总结全文（再次强调作者观点）
范文17. My View on Fate
There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of fate. Some people believe that everyone is born to a ertain that he can not change, while some other people think that every man is the master of his own life. 注：1. consensus 相同意见
2. 第一句话可以套用，如范文18：There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of wealth. 3. while 轻微转折和对比，强转折用词but, however 4. master 主人
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion. There is a saying, “Everyone is the architect of his own future.”