Which means one’s fate is decided in his own hands. In fact, no one is destined to a certain fate in his or her life. Those who aim that they were born to fail or be unlucky just can’t realize how much inner strength and ability they have. We must depend n ourselves to changes our lives and make us successful and happy.
注：1. 第一句as far as与I agree重复，把后半句改为the latter opinion seems more reasonable。 2. architect 建筑师，archor 弓箭手
3. In fact 前后是转折关系，之前从正面阐述，之后从反面阐述
范文17. My View on Fate （续）
et’s take Helen Keller, an extraordinary American woman, for example. When she was only 19 months old, she became blind nd deaf. Instead of accepting her misfortune helplessly, she showed great courage and unconquerable spirit in fighting against er destined fate and was awarded the President’s Medal of Freedom in 1964 because of the achievements she had made for elping the blind, the deaf and the speechless. This story tells us that a wise man is always creating his own fate rather than aiting for good luck. 注：1. 本段开始举例
2. Let's take……for example 中间是插入语，表示强调，举例不宜太长。
n conclusion, I believe that everyone is born equal and is the builder of his own fate We can have good fortune only if we take ains and work hard. We should bear the following saying in mind, “Every man is the master of his own fate.” 注：bear sth. in mind：把……牢记在心
范文13. The Way to Success
第二段：Strong will, perseverance and diligence are the three essentials of success. A man of strong will and perseverance lways has an inflexible spirit. He sticks to his cause no matter how tough it might be. Dr. Sun Yat-sen was such a man. Many of is attempts failed, but he held to his purpose with firmness and finally succeeded in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty. Diligence means steadiness in one’s work and study. Su Qin stabbed himself in order to keep attentive to studies. Marx often worked 5 hours a day. Life is short and we have many things to do. Without diligence no one can achieve anything. I、社会热点话题写作逻辑结构
aragraph 1: (1) 概括性的引出要评论的事物或观点（general）；
(2) 具体描述这个事物或者观点（或者是我对这个现象/ 事物的基本看法specific）。 aragraph 2: (1) 作者对该现象货问题的基本看法，即文章的论点句； (2) 支持性的细节分论点（至少两点）； (3) 本段总结（可以省略）。
aragraph 3: (1) 总结全文，定下结论（通常为我的对策或看法）。
四级作文试题2000年1月
irections:
or this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Finance my College Education. You should rite at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: . 上大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过多多种途径解决。 . 哪种途径适合我（说明理由）。
How I Finance My College Education How I Finance My College Education
第一段：首先，应该是用一种描述性的语言引出讨论的重点：
owadays/ At present/ Currently/ These days/ Today, tuitions and fees for college students are 【more expensive】 much higher han ever before. How to finance my college education has become a matter of concern. 第二段：有多种的方法，例如：1.向父母; 2.银行贷款 3.打工挣钱 第二段主题句：There are many ways to support my college education financially./ Ways to support my university study financially ary greatly/ are various. 第二段分写：
n the first place, I can get/ gain/ obtain all the money from my parents.
n the second place, I can apply for/ ask for a bank loan, especially set up/ established for college students/ undergraduates. What’s more, I can find a part time job to earn enough money. 第三段：我所赞同的方法（阐述原因，为何不选其他的方法）。
ersonally/ As far as I’m concerned/ In my opinion/ From my point of view/ To my way of thinking/ As I see it, I prefer the bank oan for the following reasons.
or one thing, my parents are not rich enough to afford me.
or another, I will not have enough time and energy to study after finishing my part-time/ temporary/ odd jobs.
n addition, I believe I can hunt a rewarding/ dream job after graduation, and then I will be able to pay off/ pay back/ return/ give ack.
herefore /So /Hence,..... 使文章富有表现力的手段： 、使用有难度的词汇；
、使用形容词修饰名词，用副词修饰动词或整个句子； 、使用被动语态；
、使用倒装句；(not only... but also...；only...)
、尽可能地使用名词，而不是习惯中的动词和形容词。
绿化我们的城市
第一段：
近年来，随着工商业的迅猛发展，许多大城市中树木的数量大幅度降低。人们作出各种努力防止树木被砍伐，但是，认识到绿化城市也同样重要。 普通版
Recently, with the development of businesses and industries, more and more trees have disappeared in big cities. We have tried our best to prevent people from cutting trees. But, it is important to realize to make our cities green. 润色版
n contemporary society, while our industries and businesses have experienced a(n) rapid/ fast/ amazing/ marked/ fantastic evelopment, the number of trees in many large cities has declined/ decreased/ reduced sharply/ dramatically. Although emarkable efforts have been exerted to prevent more trees from being cut, the realization of making cities greener is still of reat importance.
注：区分industry 和 industrial
绿化我们的城市（续）
第二段：
绿化城市会带来很多好处。其一，绿化城市能够净化空气。科学研究已经证明树木通过吸收作用可以降低大气中碳化合物的含量。其二，它能够美化城市。到处是花草树木，我们会欣然地感到自己置身于美丽的花园中。最后，绿化城市能够带来大量木材，这是解决自然资源短缺的有效办法。 普通版
There are many advantages in making cities greener. First, it makes our air clean. Scientific research has proved hat trees can reduce a great amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through absorption. Second, it adds to the beauty f our cities. With trees and flowers everywhere, there is a pleasant feeling that we live in a beautiful garden and are closer to ature. Finally, it will bring us a lot of timber. And this is an effective way to solve the problem of lack of natural resources. 润色版
What benefits can the program of making cities greener bring to us? First, the air will be cleaner. Scientific experiments have lready proved that trees can reduce air pollution by producing a lot of oxygen. This will improve the quality of the urban nvironment. Second, our cities will look more beautiful. Just imagine the city which is full of trees and flowers. What an ttractive garden it is! What’s more, by making cities greener, we can provide our industry with timber the precious natural esources.
绿化我们的城市（续）
第三段：
绿化城市需要全国人民共同努力，人们不仅要广泛认识到城市绿化对城市环境的贡献，还应该同心协力栽植更多的树木并保护它们不受商业使用的侵犯。 普通版
Making cities greener requires people’s efforts all over the country. And people should not only realize that it is mportant to make cities greener for its contribution to urban environment, but also plant trees and protect them from being sed in business. 润色版
Making cities greener requires more than widespread awareness; it calls for an immediate commitment to planting more ees and growing more flowers.
Making cities greener requires the whole nation’s efforts. And not only should most people gain the awareness of the ignificant contribution of making cities greener to urban environment, but also make a commitment to the protection of more trees against business.) 句型变化
. (1) We can imagine the beautiful surroundings. (2) There are many trees along the streets. (3) There is a clean river in the ity. (4) There are many fishes in the river. (5) There are willow trees on the one side. (6) There are some pieces of grassland n the other side. (7) There are many flowers on them.
. (1) Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we have made our cities greener. (2) Green trees line the streets. (3) A clean ver winds through the city, in which a lot of fishes abound. (4) On the one side stand rows of willow trees. (5) On the other ide lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yellow and red flowers. . There be...
) a. There are fewer and fewer citizens who like to see films. b. Films are now losing their appeal for many citizens.
) a. There are many people who complain of severe housing shortages. b. Housing shortages become the source of great complaint. . If
) a. If you compare the two methods carefully, you will find the difference. b. Careful comparison of the two methods will show you the difference. ) a. If we only apply book knowledge, we will not get good result.
b. The application of book knowledge alone will not bring you good result.
) a. If there is no pollution, man can certainly survive.
b. Man can certainly survive in the world where there is no pollution. . In order to
) a. In order to prevent the problem becoming too serious to solve, we must take an immediate step. b. An immediate step must be taken before the problem becomes too serious to solve. ) a. In order to build a stable and prosperous nation, people should make new efforts. b. New efforts will bring ... . More and more
) a. More and more people now prefer to stay at home and watch TV.
b. People in ever increasing numbers prefer to stay at home and watch TV.
) a. More and more people who become more and more rich can afford a motorcycle.
b. The growing number of people who become increasingly rich can now afford a motorcycle. ) a. More and more teenagers smoke cigarettes in recent years.
b. Teenage smoking is on the rise/ increase/ decrease/ decline in recent years. ) a. More and more teachers are needed with the development of economy.
b. There is an increasing demand for teachers with the development of economy. ) a. More and more trees have disappeared in the city.
. There is a sharp decline in the number of trees in the city. 社会热点话题
写作练习：Jobs for Graduates ) 大学生难找工作 ) 原因很多 ) 解决的办法
With the fantastic development of modern society, people in ever increasing numbers have access to tertiary ducation （高等教育）. As a result, job-hunting is now becoming headache for most graduates.
范文23：Nowadays, college graduates come to realize that it is not easy to get a rewarding job. Most/ Many of them can not et a job right after graduation.
The job market for college students/ graduates is getting tighter and tighter. According to a survey, only 80% f college graduates of the class of 2002 found jobs the year they graduated, compared with 95% in 2000. Why do college raduates find it increasingly difficult to get jobs? 第二段细节论证 分析原因：
、Among the most convincing/ important reasons given/ cited/ offered/ identified by people for this problem/ phenomenon, ne should be stressed/ emphasized/ mentioned... 、One may regard/ see/ view/ think of the trend/ increase/ phenomenon as a sign of/ result of/ response to/ reaction to ... 、The increase/ change/ failure/ success in ... mainly/ largely/ partly results from/ arises from is due to/ owing to/ attributable o the fact that/ several factors ... Several years ago, many students were enrolled in/ admitted to/ taken in/ matriculated popular major, so that the upply is superior to/ outweigh/ exceeds the demand. Many graduates are reluctant to work in the remote areas/ western rovinces/ developing areas/ less developed country. Graduates without working experiences are now losing their appeal for many international cooperations, such as ... 国家制定法律法规 个人接受教育
II、图表题（table, bar graph, pie chart, line graph） 图表题的写作逻辑结构：
aragraph I:（1）概括描述图表：趋势描写；
（2）具体描述图表：必要数据支持（细节性）。 aragraph II:（1）提出自己理由和观点（本段主题句）；
（2）细节性分论点（主要是原因，用于支持自己的观点，至少两点）。 aragraph III:（1）预测未来和提出解决方法； （2）总结全文和表达作者自己观点 【标题】Changes in People’s Diet
Directions: Write a three-paragraph composition to:
. State the changes in people’s diet in the past five years. . Give possible reasons for the changes. . Draw your own conclusion.
ou should quote as few figures as possible. 【短文】Changes in People’s Diet
n the past five years there have been many changes in people’s diet. Grain, as the main food of most Chinese, is now laying a less important role, while the proportion of some high-energy foods, such as milk and meat, has increased.
What has caused these changes? I think there are two reasons. First, people now have more money. The price of meat and
milk is much higher than that of grain, so in the old days people couldn’t afford them. Now they have enough money to buy oth meat and milk. Second, people nowadays pay more attention to the elements of their diet. They look for a well-balanced iet that will be good for their health.
n short, there have been changes in people’s diet in the past five years because of financial and health reasons, and there will be further changes in the future
【修改版】
As can be seen from the table, the past five years has witnessed dramatic changes in people’s diet. Grain, as the staple ood of most Chinese, is now playing a less important role in their diet, while the consumption of high quality food such as meat, milk and fruit has greatly increased.
There are two factors leading to the change. For one thing, people now enjoy a higher standard of living. In the old ays few families could afford meat and milk every day, which often meant a big chunk of the family income. But now people ave enough money to taste a rich verity of foods. For another, people of today attach more attention to nutrition. They are ot merely content to fill the stomach. They are seeking the most reasonable diet which will do good to their health.
In a word, with people’s standard of living getting higher and higher, changes in their diet will be more obvious and reater.
图表题的适用句型：
. As we can see from the chart/ graph/ table/ diagram, ... . The chart/ graph shows/ displays that ... . As can be shown in the table ...,
. The figures/ statistics in the chart reflect/ show/ reveal that ..., . It is clear/ apparent from the chart/ table that ... 、谚语格言题逻辑结构 aragraph I：（1）点明要阐释的谚语或名言（ general ）；
（2）用自己的话解释这一谚语或名言的意思，有时有正反两面的逻（specific ）。 aragraph II：（1）作者对该谚语或名言的观点态度，即文章的论点句；
（2）支持性的细节分论点，举例子论证（至少两点，有时有正反两面的逻辑）； aragraph III：总结全文，定下结论（通常为阐明其现实或更深远意义）。
Practice Makes Perfect
ractice is the key to success in all fields of activity. It is practice alone which enables us to build up speed and efficiency. When we accomplish something perfectly without wasting effort, this is the result of long practice.
【改写为】An English proverb says/ One of the greatest men once remarked/ Nearly every civilization has its own equivalent o the proverb: \nd efficiency. When we accomplish something without wasting effort, this is the result of long practice.
Practice Makes Perfect（续）
ake the study of English for example. Only practice can enable us to spell words correctly and master the rules of grammar. nd it is only through practice that we can become fluent in speaking and writing, there is no other way. Another good xample is sports. Practice is the only way to become stronger and run faster. Besides, in team games practice is what mproves our sense of cooperation and helps the team to win.
【改写为】History/ Our society abounds with the examples of \......（正反两方面都举例子） On the ther hand/ On the contrary, no practice will only lead us to failure. There is hardly/ scarcely a man who can achieve success without practice. All evidence points to/ justifies/ lends supports to the fact that practice is the key to success in all fields of ctivity.
举例一般为：英语学习；体育锻炼
o sum up, there can be no achievement which is not based on a solid foundation of practice.
【改写为】For us college students, the saying/ proverb has a profound and realistic significance: there can be no chievement which is not based on a solid foundation of practice 课后复习（self-study Program）
、课堂讲解内容：体会用词艺术和丰富的句式
、写作练习：2002年6月真题（Student Use of Computers） 、记忆写作万能理由和基本表达
、完型填空练习：完成Passage 1--Passage 3 做题步骤：
（1）通读全文，了解文章大意； （2）初选答案（排除法、优选法）； （3）寻找线索； （4）回头补缺； （5）核实答案。 图表题：2002年6月考题
opic: Student Use of Computers (at least 150 words)
、 上图所示为1990、1995、2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化； 、请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）； 、你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。 002年6月的图表题作文：
As is shown by the bar graph, the average number of hours a student in a certain university spends on the omputer per week increased dramatically over the period from 1990 to 2000. In 1990, it was less than two hours. And in 995, it hit/ reach four hours. And in 2000, the number soared to（飞速上升） nearly twenty hours, which is over ten times han that of 1990.
注：soared to/ boom/ shoot up/ rocket/ jump 飞速上升 climb 上升很慢 shrink 下降，缩水
第一段还有一种写法：……In 1990, the number was less than 2 hours, while the figure hit 4 hours（或者这样写：while in 995,）as compared with that of 1990, it had almost doubled. And what impress us most is that the figure soared to..., which…
Obviously computers are becoming increasingly popular for males and for females. A multitude of factors could ccount for the rise. In the first place, computers facilitate us in more aspects of life. Also, the rapid development of the nternet enlarges our demands for using computers. We can easily contact friends in remote places through the internet. In he second place, the prices of computers are getting lower and lower, which enable more students to purchase them.
However, there still exist some problems, such as, poor quality, out-of-date designs and so on. And how to balance he time between using computers an studying is also a serious problem. Anyhow, we will benefit a lot from computers as ong as we use them properly. V、书信题的写作方法： （一）信封格式：
名字、信箱、地域范围由小到大，写在右下角（与我们相反）。 （二）信纸格式： 日期：背月份的缩写
称呼（后面的标点是逗号）:Dear Sir or Madam, To whom it may concern, 正文：空4个字节或者顶格写，段与段之间空行） 签名：sincerely yours 书信写作的五点要求： 、开门见山说意图
、咨询/ 建议1、2、3、 、不同内容可分段 、感谢客气不可少 、期待回信成老套 （三）开头段： 、 告知对方你的身份（假如对方不认识你） Dear Sir/ Mr. Prometheus,
was a student at your college, enrolled in Philosophy Department. I am a… at your…
I am a … at your college, enrolled in the… course. My name is…, I am… 、 问候收信人（假如他/她是你的朋友） Dear Prometheus,
Hello / Hi. How are you? / I hope everything is fine. / How are things going with you? / How are you getting on in / getting along with…..? 、 解释写信的原因 （1） 致谢：
deeply appreciate your courtesy and I hope to reciprocate your favor when the opportunity arises. I am greatly indebted to you for (the double) you have gone to on my behalf. Thank you for your letter about studying in Canada. I am writing to tell you how grateful I am for… I would like to thank you most sincerely for…