A. 交易所会员 B. 交易所理事会 C. 专业委员会 D. 清算机构 10. 商品交易所的交易者主要有（ ABCD ）。
A. 投机散户 B. 投机大户 C. 经纪公司 D. 场内经纪人
11. 商业自动化是指广泛采用现代化手段和方法，实现经营设施的机械化、自动化，经营管理的科学化、合理化，主要包括（ ABC ）。
A. 商业信息流通标准化 B. 商品销售自动化 C. 物流自动化 12. 与传统的交易方式相比较，电子商务的主要特点是（ ABCD ）。
A. 交易过程电子化 B. 交易市场虚拟化 C. 交易对象特定化 D. 交易质量高效化 13. 下列属于网上广告形式的是（ ABD ）。
A. 网页广告 B. 电子邮件广告 D. 场景模拟广告
14. 与传统的市场营销相比，网络营销有许多变化，其主要特点是（ ABC ）。 A. 利用信息传递开展背对背的交易 B. 交易活动不受时空的限制 C. 可以开展互动的定制营销
15. POS系统的应用主要包括以下操作功能（ ABCD ）。
A. 前台销售收款操作 B. 收款数据的汇总和统计 C. 商品的进货与盘点 D. 经营分析与管理 16. 现代物流体系的要素构成包括：（ ABCD ）。
A. 一般要素 B. 物质基础要素 C. 功能要素 D. 体制政策要素 17. 现代物流与传统物流的区别在于（ ACD ）。
A. 坚持了客户需求导向 C. 强化了对服务和信息的管理 D. 是供应链过程的一部分 18. 现代物流体系要实现的目标主要有（ ABC ）。
A. 物流发展布局合理 B. 物流政策法规完善 C. 提供快速、及时和便捷的物流服务 19. 下列属于现代物流产业范畴的是（ ACD ）。
A. 物流基础业 C. 物流咨询、服务业 D. 企业自营物流 20. 企业的物流管理信息系统的发展趋势是（ ABCD ）。
A. 信息采集在线化 B. 信息传输网络化 C. 信息处理智能化 D. 信息输出图形化 21. 物流共同化主要包括（ABD ）。 A. 配送共同化 B. 物流资源利用共同化 D. 物流管理共同化22. 供应链管理具有以下哪几个方面的发展特点（ ABC ）。
A. 供应链管理是一种基于流程的集成化管理模式 B. 供应链管理可以说是全过程的战略管理 C. 供应链管理提出了全新的库存观 23. 下面关于配送的描述正确的是：（ACD ）。
A. 配送是按用户需求进行的商品组配与送货活动 C. 配送是一个综合性的物流运动 D. 配送的功能是多样化的
24. 配送中心物流合理化可以从哪些方面来实现（ ABCDEF ）。
A. 配送作业计划化 B. 货物进出批量化 C. 配送作业共同化 D. 配送路线短捷化 E. 配送作业省力化 F. 管理信息化
25. 为了控制采购成本，配送中心应加强以下哪些工作（ ABCD ）。 A. 加强对市场采购信息的收集和分析 B. 与供应商建立融洽的关系 C. 确定适宜的采购时机 D. 确定合理的采购批量 26. 按配送的经营权限不同，可将配送划分为哪几种模式（BDE）。 B. 授权模式 D. 物流模式 E. 配销模式 27. 商品流通政策主体包括（ ABD ）。 A. 立法机构 B. 行政机构 D. 司法机构 28. 商品流通政策的一般目标是（ ABCD ）。
A. 经济发展 B. 经济稳定 C. 经济公正 D. 经济自由
29. 各国对大型店铺的规制是出于（ AB ）的考虑。 A. 增加中小商业的经营机会 B. 避免外部不经济 30. 反垄断政策是各国最主要的商品流通政策，各国反垄断法规制的主要内容包括（ ABC）。 A. 禁止垄断 B. 禁止不正当的交易限制 C. 禁止不公正交易
三、判断题
1. 只要有社会分工，就一定会有商品交换。 A. 错误 B. 正确
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正确答案：A .
2. 商业完全代替了生产者的交换职能。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：A .
3. 商业的事业内容是组织与组织之间的商品交换，而不是组织内部的产品分配、调拨。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：B .
4. 制造商或消费者的购销活动也是重要的商业活动。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：A .
5. 按流通阶段进行分类，可将商业划分为批发商业与零售商业。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：B .
6. 批发商业是“城市服务产业”，零售商业是“城市形成产业”。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：A
7. 商业产出弹性系数的经济意义是商业每增长一个百分点,也使国民经济增长一个百分点。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：B .
8. 在商品生产的条件下，生产和交换在空间上是分离的。一般来说，商品生产越发展，这个空间距离就会越缩小。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：A .
9. 零售商业是一个充满竞争的行业，因此，政府没有必要对零售商业进行任何干预。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：A .
10. 零售商业必须要有店铺，因此，没有店铺就无法经营。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：A .
11. 休闲娱乐功能是零售商业所独有的功能。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：B .
12. 消费者到商店购物所支付的成本就是指消费者购买商品的价格。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：A .
13. 对有店铺零售商来说，店铺设计与商品陈列可提供制造市场差别的丰富机会。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：B .
14. 零售商的销售过程是销售人员与顾客自始至终的双向沟通过程。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：B .
15. 超级市场的产生被称作零售业的第一次革命。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：A .
16. 百货商店是实行自我服务和一次集中结算的售货方式。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：A .
17. 特许连锁是所有权与经营权的统一集中。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：A .
18. 自由连锁的集中程度低于正规连锁，高于特许连锁。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：A .
19. 加盟连锁企业的独立性低于正规连锁，高于自由连锁。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：A .
20. 店铺选址应尽可能靠近人口密度高的地区。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：B .
21. 店铺出入口设计时要注意，出入口位置一定要设在店铺的中央。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：A .
22. 商品陈列时应尽量进行“裸露陈列”即让顾客能直接接触到商品。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：B
23. 商品陈列背景设计时，商品色彩与背景颜色呈补色时，顾客视觉效果最佳。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：A .
24. 商品结构中的主力商品是指高档商品。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：A .
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25. 顾客服务的内容就是销售货真价实的商品。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案：A
1.（ A ）销售批量的大小是区分批发商业与零售商业的重要标准。 A. 错 2.（ B ）批发商业存在的必要性是因为可以节约商流费用。B. 正确 3.（ A ）流通金融功能是批发商业的特有功能。 A. 错误
4.（ B ）批发商既是制造商的销售代理人，也是零售商的采购代理人。 B. 正确 5. （ B ）“延期生产”要以“小批量、多品种、高频度”的快速供货系统为前提B. 正确 6.（ A ）批发市场也是以盈利为目的的批发商业企业。 A. 错误 7.（ B ）批发市场是集中进行现货交易的场所。 B. 正确
8.（ B ）在规范的批发市场中，中间批发商不得从上市者手中直接购进商品。 B. 正确 9.（ A ）在规范的批发市场中，上市者可以直接将上市商品销售给需要者。 A. 错误
10.（ B ）清算机构的清算业务主要包括两个层次，一是对会员的清算，一是会员对客户的清算。B. 正确 11.（ A ）网上商店具有传统零售商店的全部功能。 A. 错误 12.（ A ）商业自动化主要是商业设施的现代化。 A. 错误
13.（ A ）商品代码可由企业根据需要自行制定编制规则。 A. 错
14. （ B ）网上银行是一种虚拟银行，只是在计算机网络上建一站点，全天候提供金融服务。B. 正确 15.（ A ）现代物流管理的根本目标是降低总成本。 A. 错误
16.（ B ）所谓物流成本管理不是管理物流成本，而是通过成本去管理物流。B. 正确
17.（ B ）现代物流对企业不仅仅意味着降低成本，更重要的是提供便捷迅速的服务。B. 正确 18.（ B ）只要看物流状况，就能判断企业的管理水平。 B. 正确 19.（ A ）发展配送中心的目的就是降低运输成本。A. 错误
20.（ A ）配送中心的所有业务都是物流作业，因此配送中心是一个纯物流组织。A. 错误 21.（ A ）配送是指以配送中心为起点的商品组配过程。A. 错误
22.（ B ）区域型配送中心配送规模较大，主要是向城市配送中心进行配送，而很少直接配送给商店。B. 正确23.（ B ）配销模式的配送中心一般也是相对独立的利润中心。 B. 正确
24.（ B ）商品流通政策是一种公共政策而非私人政策，具有公共物品的性质。B. 正确
25.（ A ）商品流通行政政策是指商品流通行政管理机构制定的政策，这些行政政策是强制性的。A. 错误
四、案例分析题 （略）
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请您删除一下内容，O(∩_∩)O谢谢！！！2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the ‘effector’ cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and non-nerve cells. This process is termed ‘chemical neurotransmission’ and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as ‘cholinergic’. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nerve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the complex of receptor combined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as ‘nicotinic’; in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are ‘muscarinic’; and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and becomes packaged into membrane-bound vesicles . After the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft . For the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate a receptor protein. There are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are 9
located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting in depolarization of the neuron. Muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. For a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. This will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. Low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. If acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. If this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. Although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with Alzheimer's disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade; also called action painting and the New York school. It was the first important school in American painting to declare its independence from European styles and to influence the development of art abroad. Arshile Gorky first gave impetus to the movement. His paintings, derived at first from the art of Picasso, Miró, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. Jackson Pollock's turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. Willem de Kooning's first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. His intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. Painters such as Philip Guston and Franz Kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original styles—the former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. Other important artists involved with the movement included Hans Hofmann, Robert Motherwell, and Mark Rothko; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as Clyfford Still, Theodoros Stamos, Adolph Gottlieb, Helen Frankenthaler, Lee Krasner, and Esteban Vicente. Abstract expressionism presented a broad range of stylistic diversity within its largely, though not exclusively, nonrepresentational framework. For example, the expressive violence and activity in paintings by de Kooning or Pollock marked the opposite end of the pole from the simple, quiescent images of Mark Rothko. Basic to most abstract expressionist painting were the attention paid to surface qualities, i.e., qualities of brushstroke and texture; the use of huge canvases; the adoption of an approach to space in which all parts of the canvas played an equally vital role in the total work; the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting; the glorification of the act of painting itself as a means of visual communication; and the attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. The movement had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. Its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the American art scene.
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