(5) He had a shelf there, where he kept his Bohemian papers and his pipes and tobacco, and his shears and needles and thread and tailor's thimble.
他放在那儿有一个架子，摆着他的波希米亚报纸、烟斗、烟叶，还有大剪刀、针、线，以及裁缝用的顶针。 (6) Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers…
史书上最经常出现、最为显赫的人物，大多是些伟大的征服者、将军和军事家。 (7) The city has a dense manufacturing population.这个城市有稠密的工业人口。
(8)The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory. 产品出厂前应该进行抽样检查。
(9) The mother and the eldest daughter weeded the ridges, passing before the others…A younger son, of twelve years, brought sea sand in a donkey's creels from a far corner of the field. They mixed the sand with the black clay. The fourth child, still almost an infant, staggered about near his mother, plucking weeds slowly and offering them to his mother as gifts.
母亲和大女儿在除垄上的草，把旁人甩在后面……二儿子十二岁，从老远的地头把海滩上的沙子装进鱼篮，赶着毛驴驮了回来。他们把黑土掺上了沙子。老四还是个小不点儿，在母亲身边遥遥晃晃转悠着，慢吞吞地拔起杂草，当礼物送给母亲。 (10) Come if you like.高兴来就来。
(11) As it is late, let us go to bed.不早啦，睡吧！
(12) I framed the words in my mind: \我心里在嘀咕：\对不起，我有什么举止行为冒犯你了吗？\
(13). You hear it from the trackers, a more breathless chant, as they pull desperately against the current, half a dozen of them perhaps if they are, taking up a wupan, a couple of hundred if they are hauling a splendid junk, its square sail set, over a rapid.
纤夫拼命拉纤逆流而上时，你就会听见他们唱着较急促的号子。拉五板木船时，或许五六人就行，但当拉着鼓着横帆的大船过急滩时，那就得要二三百人。
(14). If you are a twinkler, you have the ability to walk into a room and bring the sunshine with you, making everyone else want to bask in it.
满怀喜悦的人能把阳光带进他所走进的房间，使别人愿意沐浴在这阳光中. 二、从修饰角度进行减省
有些词语在英语里是必不可少的，但在汉语中却并非如此，如直译成汉语则往往显得累赘噜嗦。为了使译文简洁晓畅、\文约而意丰\，这样的词语必须省去或是精简。例如：
(1) I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the port for which I was bound.
我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人，向他宣布我得住在他家、吃他的、喝他的，一直等到下一班船到来，把我带到我要去的港口为止──想到这儿，我真有点不好意思了。(这里，如把 \his food and drink his whisky\直译为\睡在他的屋顶下、吃他的食物、喝他的威士忌\，会使语言极为繁冗，不够精练。译文采用减省译法处理原文，既准确地传达了原意，又使行文简洁，气韵十足，一气呵成。)
(2) Her dark eyes made little reflected stars. She was looking at him as she was always looking at him when he awakened.
她那双乌黑的眼睛就像亮晶晶的星星在闪烁，他平素醒来的时候，她也是这样望着他。(此句中有两个 \was looking at him\，如不作省略而译为\她像平常那样望着她一样望着他\，汉语就显得噜嗦繁复，诘
屈聱牙。)
(3) University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.
报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。
(4)There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. 天未下雪，但叶落草枯。
(5) There was not a sound in her---and around us nothing moved, nothing lived, not a canoe on the water, not a bird in the air, not a cloud in the sky.
船上悄然无声，四周一片静谧，死一般沉寂，水面不见轻舟飘动，天空不见小鸟浮云。 (6) The problem of alternative fuels of vehicle is one problem we shall approach. 车辆的代用燃料是我们将要研究的一个问题。
(7) There are some things that I have happily seen of the wondrous way of the spider. 蜘蛛的奇异动态，我曾有幸目睹。
(译文省去 \后，文字简约，表达生动，意思明确。)
(8) In actual fact, the United States is pursuing a policy of encouraging the aggressor… 实际上，美国在推行一种鼓励侵略者的政策…… (9) He was smooth and agreeable. 他待人处事，八面玲珑。
(10) Standing as it does on a high hill, the church commands a new view. 教堂建在高山上，向下眺望，风景优美。
(11) To learn is not an easy matter and to apply what one has learned is even harder. 学习不容易，使用更加不容易。
第8课 翻译技巧--转换(1)
由于英汉两种语言在语法和表达方式等方面存在着许多差异，因此英译汉时常常有必要改变表达方式，使译文通顺流畅、地道可读。这种变通技巧就是转换法(shift of perspective)。转换的形式多种多样，大体可分为7种：①词类转换，②句子成分转换，③表达方式转换，④自然语序与倒装语序转换；⑤正面表达与反面表达转换，⑥主动式与被动式转换，⑦分句转换。 一、词类转换
词类转换是指英语中的某一词类译成汉语时转换成另一词类。 （一） 英语名词、介词、形容词或副词转换为汉语动词
(1) The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man. 因此，对于一个从事社会活动的人来讲，培养一种爱好和新的情趣方式，乃是至关重要的对策。
(2) The Red Army Men marched on bravely against the piercing wind. 红军冒着刺骨的寒风英勇前进。
(3) All were unconscious that this experience was a test of character; and, when the first excitement was over, felt that they had done well, and deserved praise. 大家都没有认识到这番经验却是一次个性的考验，最初的兴奋过去以后，又觉得自己已经干得不错了，理应受到赞扬。 (4) He appeared at her side, breathing audibly, a moment after she reached the stop. She gazed ahead, rigid. 她到车站不一会儿，他便出现在她的身旁，听见他喘息的声音。她凝视着前方，表情严峻。
(5) Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. 然而，对所有这两种类型的人来说，变换一下看法、改变一下环境和
转换一下注意力都是最基本的需要。
(6) …and it was on the first stage of this journey, in Kenya, that she received the news of her father's death and her own accession to the throne. ……就在此行的第一站肯尼亚，她接到了父亲去世并由她本人继承王位的消息。
（二） 英语动词、副词转换为汉语名词、形容词
(1) The inflammation is characterized by red, swelling, fever, and pain. 炎症的特点是红、肿、热、痛。
(2) The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday. 上星期天，来访的客人和陪同人员一起参观了黄鹤楼。
(3) Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad. 我国政府十分关心海外华侨。
(4) Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。
(5) Most US spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions. 美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。 （三） 英语名词转换为汉语形容词、副词
(1) He added: \of my decision.\他还说：\我理解并尊重他们的看法，但我深信我的决定是正确的。\(2) They came back game and glee. 他们兴高采烈地回来了。 二、 句子成分转换
句子成分转换是指英语中的某一句子成分译成汉语时转换成另一种句子成分。句子成分转换在主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语之间展开。例如：
(1) You can always tell the somebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail party. The somebodies come late.在鸡尾酒会上人们常常可以看出大人物和无名小卒来。那些迟到的就是大人物。（主语转换为表语；谓语转换为主语）
(2) With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership, his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.
由于害怕有人阴谋推翻他的领导，他似乎完全丧失了自信。但所谓的阴谋在很大程度上是他自己假想出来的。（主语转换为宾语，宾语转换为主语）
(3) Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.
他们乐观、能干、热情，总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒适。（状语转换为谓语）
(4) Her presence of mind had not completely deserted her; but she could not have trusted herself to speak.
她还没有完全失去镇静，一时却又找不出话可说。（主语转换为宾语，宾语转换为主语）
(5) This is the unexpected kind of remark that makes me like the colonel; there is a touch of rough poetry about him.
正是这种出人意料的言论使我喜欢上了上校。他这个人还有那么点诗意呢。（主语转换为宾语；介词宾语转换为主语） 三、表达方式转换
英汉两种语言在表达方式上往往因角度不同而异。要克服这些差异，翻译时也就常有必要把一种表达方式转换为另一种表达方式，使译文符合汉语表达习惯。
（一） 英语中有一些计量词，如score, dozen, decade, quarter等，在汉语中没有相应的表达方式，所以在汉译时得对其加以转换。例如：
(1) Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, signed the Emancipation Proclamation.100年以前，一位伟大的美国人签署了解放宣言，我们现在就站在他象征性的庇荫中。
(2) A dozen and a half aeroplanes poured out into the airport during that five minutes. 那5分钟内，有18架飞机涌进了机场。
(3) Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation. 87年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上创建了一个新的国家。
(4) They had a dozen children, six boys and six girls, in seventeen years. 在17年中，他们生了12个孩子，6男6女。
（二） 由于英汉两种语言在表述角度上不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要转换角度，才能使意思明白清楚、表达自然。例如：
(1) She has been a widow only for six months. 她丈夫死了至今才不过半年。
（原文是从妻子的角度加以陈述的，而译文是从丈夫的角度加以陈述的。如果不改变表达方式，而搬用原来的表达方式，那译文就是：\她只当了6个月的寡妇。\这就会给人以错觉：她很快就改嫁了。） (2) ──Is there a special rate by the month? ──Yes, there is a 10% discount. ──按月计算有什么优惠吗？ ──有，可以打9折。 四、 自然语序与倒装语序转换
句子的自然语序是主语在前，谓语在后。倒装语序主要是指主谓倒装。英语中使用倒装语序，主要是为了加强语气、突出重点、平衡句子结构等；而汉语中使用倒装语序相对较少，所以英译汉时，常常得将倒装语序转换为自然语序。例如：
(1) Away ran the boy.男孩跑开了。
(2) Slowly climbs the summer moon.夏天的月亮慢慢地爬上来了。
第9课 翻译技巧--转换(2) 五、 正面表达与反面表达转换
由于思维方式的不同，英语中有些从正面表达的东西在汉语中习惯从反面来表达；而有些从反面来表达的东西在汉语中则习惯从正面来表达。因此，英译汉时常常有必要进行转换。这就是通常所说的\正说反译、反说正译\法。英语正面表达这里指的是不带否定词no, not , never否定前缀non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-和否定后缀-less等的句子，汉语正面表达则是指不带\不\、\没\、\非\、\未\、 \否\、 \无\、 \莫\、\勿\、\别\等否定词语的句子；反之则是反面表达。 （一）英语正面表达转换为汉语反面表达 frost-free refrigerator无霜冰箱 Freeze! 别动！ Wet paint! 油漆未干！ mortally ill 不治之症
(1) The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin. 这项建议差点通不过。
(2)We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. 我们相信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。
(3) He went to an outdoor phone booth and dialed Chicago, then New York, then San Francisco. Silence. Silence. Silence. 他到一个户外公用电话亭，先给芝加哥、又给纽约、旧金山打了电话。
没有回音。没有回音。没有回音。
(4) As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity. 作为居住的地方，这里有许多不足之处，但作为改革性的新飞机秘密训练基地，却是非常理想的。因为它地处边陲，人们不易发觉其中的活动。
(5) The pictures that linger in his mind, called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new-mown hay, are of a simpler nature. 然而，萦绕心头的画面，那些一经嗅到玫瑰花香或新鲜干草的气息便会倏地闯入记忆的情景，其实并不复杂。
(6) As he sipped his coffee, he opened a still damp morning paper; and began reading. 他一面喝咖啡，一面翻开油墨未干的晨报，看了起来。
(7) Father's attitude toward anybody who wasn't his kind used to puzzle me. 以前我总不懂父亲为什么对那些脾气跟他不一样的人采取那么个态度。
(8) Sadly, Edward died before he could see the new church, but his beautiful tomb is still there, with the tombs of the Kings and Queens of England who came after him. 遗憾的是，爱德华未能看见新教堂就去世了，但是他那幽雅的坟墓和嗣后的英国国王和王后的坟墓还都留在那里。 （二）英语反面表达转换为汉语正面表达 (1) You can't be too careful. 你要特别小心。
(2) The significance of these incidents wasn't lost on us. 这些事件引起了我们的重视。 (3) Such flights couldn't long escape notice. 这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。
(4) The human system can hold out for a while against the gas from a leaking, damped-down coal stove, but soon after unconsciousness comes death. 煤气若是从封上火的煤炉漏出，人体可以忍受一些时候，但人昏迷之后，不用很久就会死亡。
(5) But there is another story, a family saga, that may turn out to be important to unlocking the mystery of what actually happened between Lewinsky and the President. 但是，莱温斯基和总统之间究竟发生了什么事，另外一个故事，即家史，最终对解开这个谜十分重要。
(6) Maintaining credibility requires confronting potential adversaries with the objective, unambiguous facts of our counter-balancing military capabilities, our political strengths and economic advantages, and our clear resolution to use these for our defense if necessary. 保持这种可靠性需要以下客观的、明确的事实来对付潜在的对手：我们达到平衡的军事能力、我们的政治实力和经济优势以及我们必要时使用这些手段进行自卫的毫不含糊的决心。 六、 主动式与被动式转换
英语中被动语态用得较多，而汉语中被动语态则用得相对较少，因此英译汉时被动语态常常可转换为主动语态，当然有时也可以保留其被动语态。而英语中的主动语态，有时汉译也可根据汉语的表达习惯转换为被动语态。
（一） 被动转换为主动
英语被动句式转换为汉语主动句式时，原文中的主语在译文中有时仍可作主语，有时也可作宾语，有时全句还可译成带表语的主动句。例如：
(1) Heat is constantly produced by the body as a result of muscular and cellular activity. 由于肌肉和细胞活动的结果，身体不断地产生热。
(2) In a moment he will turn and see us, and his face will be lighted by a smile so radiant you'll feel warm all the way through..过一会儿他会转过身来看着我们，那时他脸上会泛出灿烂的微笑，让你全身都感到温暖。
(3) With the development of speech, the number of occasions producing sudden experiences of pleasure increased, and since laughter was closely associated with speech, man had this means of expressing his pleasure. 随着说话的发展 ，产生突然感受愉快的机会增多了，并且，由于