notable for the development of cities not only in terms of administrative functions but also as centers of trade, industry, and maritime commerce.
孙中山（Sun Yat-sen）先生是站在时代前列的历史伟人，是伟大的爱国主义者，是中国民主革命的伟大先驱（vanguard; pioneer）。他为追求民族独立、民主自由和民生幸福贡献了毕生精力。孙中山先生的革命思想和实践，对近现代中国产生了巨大的震撼和深远的影响。这是辛亥革命（the Revolution of 1911）伟大精神之所在，也是中华民族伟大精神之所在。
Dr. Sun Yat-sen was a great figure in history, who stood in the vanguard of his times, and he was a great patriot and a great pioneer of the Chinese democratic revolution. He devoted his whole life to national independence, democracy, freedom and people’s welfare. Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary thought and action had an earthquaking and far-reaching impact on modern and contemporary China. This is where the great spirits of both the Revolution of 1911 and the Chinese people lie.
历史上的 historical 历史性的 historic 历史古迹 historical site
出土文物 unearthed cultural relics 古建筑群 ancient architectural complex
中国文明的发祥地 the birthplace of the Chinese civilization 皇城 imperial city 奴隶社会 slave society 封建社会 feudal society 资本主义社会 capitalist society 5. 文化
舞狮以及在表演时表现出的特技，让这项传统技艺成为许多中学热门的课外活动，提供了娱乐与运动的健康组合。在长时间的练习之后，学生们总是花光他们的精力，而不会在街上闲晃或玩游戏机。舞狮培养了身体的力量、敏捷度（agility）、持久力（endurance）以及团队合作的能力。这些重要的因素给了这项历史久远的传统更深层的意义。
Lion dancing and the acrobatics that accompany the performances have become popular extracurricular activities at many high schools, offering a healthy combination of entertainment and exercise. After the long practice sessions, students usually run out of energy and are too exhausted to fool around on the street or play video games. Lion dancing develops physical strength, agility and endurance as well as the ability to work as a team. Those are important elements that give the age-old tradition further meaning.
中国的民间工艺有很悠久的历史，民间工艺品和当地人民的日常生活和风俗传统紧密相连。在广大农村，它还是一项重要的副业生产。中国大约有一百多种民间工艺品，包括各种各样的刺绣、地毯、编织、泥塑和面塑玩具、剪纸、风筝、灯彩等等。中华民族是包括56个兄弟民族组成的大家庭，各个少数民族都有自己独特风格的民间工艺品。
China’s folk arts and crafts have a very long history. The products are closely related to local people’s daily life as well as customs and tradition. It is also an important sideline-occupation in the vast rural areas. In China, there are over 100 kinds of folk arts and crafts products, including a variety of embroidery, carpets, woven-work, clay and dough toys, paper cuts, kites, and decorative lanterns. China’s 56 ethnic groups all have their special arts and crafts products.
文化产业 culture industry 主流文化 mainstream culture
表演艺术 performing art 本质；精髓 essence
民间工艺 folk arts and crafts 大受欢迎 to be well received
言论自由和新闻自由 freedom of speech and information 普通话 mandarin Chinese 古籍文献 ancient documents 博大精深、源远流长的中华民族传统文化 the extensive and profound traditional Chinese culture
6. 经济
我们对中美经贸合作的前景充满信心。也许道路是不平坦的，但前途一定是光明的。纵观国际形势，中美两国经贸合作正面临一个难得的重要战略机遇期。中美在经贸领域相互依存、互利共赢、你中有我、我中有你的格局已经初步形成。美国的经济已开始复苏。同时，中国的经济将在今后相当长一个时期内保持良好的发展势头。
We for one have full confidence in the future of China-US trade and economic cooperation. The road ahead might not be all smooth sailing, but the prospect is surely promising. Internationally, China-US economic partnership faces a rare strategic opportunity. A pattern featuring economic interdependence, mutual benefit and win-win, a pattern of each having something of the other, is taking shape. The US economy has started its long-awaited rebound. And China’s economy will maintain a sound growth momentum for a considerably long time to come.
改革开放以来，中国政府在坚持公有制的同时，鼓励多种经济成分的发展。个体和私营经济得到较快发展。2007年，全国个体和私营企业达3,171万家，吸纳就业人数1.27亿。个体私营经济大多分布在二、三产业，点多面广，经营灵活，
求新求快，不仅丰富了商品市场，也提供了多样化的社会服务，极大地方便了城乡居民的生活。
Since the adoption of the policies of reform and opening up to the outside world, the Chinese government began to encourage the development of diversified economic elements while maintaining public ownership. As a result, the private sector has developed rapidly. In 2007, there were a total of 31.71 million private business, employing 127 million people. Most private businesses are involved in the secondary and tertiary industries. With numerous business establishments, wide coverage, flexible operation and quick response to new demands, private businesses have not only enriched market supply but also provided diverse social services for the convenience of urban and rural residents.
经济体制改革 economic restructuring
增强竞争力 enhance (increase, sharpen) the competitiveness 刺激内需 stimulate domestic demand 经济危机 economic crisis 经济增长 economic growth
经济技术开发区 economic and technological development zone 加快经济发展 to accelerate the development of economy 通货膨胀/紧缩 inflation/deflation
第一/第二/第三产业 the primary/secondary/tertiary industry 技术/劳动/资本/知识密集型产业
technology-intensive/labor-intensive/capital-intensive/knowledge-intensive industries
个体、私营和民营企业 private owned enterprises/private businesses 国有企业 state-owned enterprises 民营企业 private enterprises 个体经营者 individually-run businesses
7. 科技
南极特殊的地理位置，使其成为研究空间物理和宇宙学的良好场所；保留在冰雪中的陨石是南极奉献给人类的一份科学厚礼，对南极陨石的研究将有助于科学家探索星空的奥秘，也许还能揭开宇宙间生物起源的奥秘。南极丰富的生物资源和矿产资源一直对人类构成了巨大的吸引力，也许若干年后，南极洲将作为人类最后的矿藏基地被开发利用。
The special geographical position of Antarctica makes it a good place for space physics and cosmology research. The meteorites preserved in the ice are scientific gifts for mankind, as they are significant in the exploration of the cosmos and may be helpful in unlocking the secrets of the origin of life in the universe. In addition, the abundant biotic and mineral resources of Antarctic have always been an attraction for human beings. In the future, Antarctic may be the last mineral base to be explored.
目前，我们已经实现了科教兴国战略提出的一部分目标，建立了基本上适应社会主义市场经济体制和科技自身发展规律的科技体制。我们在工农业科学研究与技术开发、基础性研究、高技术研究等方面取得了重大进展。科技进步对经济发展的贡献率有显著提高。经济建设、社会发展基本转向依靠科技进步和提高劳动者素质的轨道。
Now we have achieved/gained/reached some of the objectives of the strategy of rejuvenating the nation by relying on science and education. We have established/set up/founded a scientific and technological system that on the whole fits in with the socialist market economy and the laws of development of science and technology. We have made considerable progress in scientific research and technological development in industry and agriculture, basic research and high-tech research and we have markedly raised the contribution rate of science and
technology to economic development. We have, by and large, promoted economic construction and social development by replying on scientific and technological progress and improving the quality of the workforce.
自主创新 independent innovation 创新型国家 innovative country 航天飞机 硬件/软件 人造卫星 科学发展观 提高人民的科学素质 天文 核心技术 人工智能 space shuttle hardware/software man-made satellite
the Scientific Outlook on Development to raise the scientific literacy of the people astronomy core technologies artificial intelligence