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a surge in new ways of keeping heat in and cold out (or vice versa). The most advanced insulation follows the law of increasing returns: if you add enough you can scale down or even eliminate heating and air-conditioning equipment, lowering costs even before you start saving on utility bills. Studies have shown that green
workplaces (ones that don‘t constantly need to have the heat or air-conditioner running) have higher worker productivity and lower sick rates. Change Bulbs
Lighting eats up 20 percent of the world‘s electricity, or the equivalent of roughly 600,000 tons of coal a day. Forty percent of that powers old-fashioned incandescent light bulbs—a 19th-century technology that wastes most of the power it consumes on unwanted heat.
Compact fluorescent lamps, or CFLS, not only use 75 to 80 percent less electricity than incandescent bulbs to generate the same amount of light, but they also last 10 times longer. Phasing old bulbs out by 2030 would save the output of 650 power plants and avoid the release of 700 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year. Comfort Zone
Water boilers, space heaters and air conditioners have been notoriously inefficient. The heat pump has altered that equation. It removes heat from the air outside or the ground below and uses it to supply heat to a building or its water supply. In the summer, the system can be reversed to cool buildings as well.
Most new residential buildings in Sweden are already heated with ground-source heat pumps. Such systems consume almost no conventional fuel at all. Several countries have used subsidies to jump-start the market, including Japan, where almost I million heat pumps have been installed in the past two years to heat water for showers and hot tubs. Remake Factories
From steel mills to paper factories, industry eats up about a third of the world‘s energy. The opportunities to save are vast. In Ludwigshafen, German chemicals giant BASF runs an interconnected complex of more than 200 chemical factories, where heat produced by one chemical process is used to power the next. At the
Ludwigshafen site site alone, such recycling of heat and energy saves the company ￡200 million a year and almost half its CO2 emissions. Now BASF is doing the same for new plants in China. ―Optimizing (优化) energy efficiency is a decisive competitive advantage,‖ says BASF CEO Jurgen Hambrecht. Green Driving
A quarter of the world‘s energy---including two thirds of the annual production of oil—is used for
transportation. Some savings come free of charge: you can boost fuel efficiency by 6 percent simply by keeping your car‘s tires properly inflated (充气). Gasoline-electric hybrid(混合型的) models like the Toyota Prius improve mileage by a further 20 percent over conventional models. A Better Fridge
More than half of all residential power goes into running household appliances, producing a fifth of the world‘s carbon emissions. And that‘s true even though manufacturers have already hiked the efficiency of refrigerators and other white goods by as much as 70 percent since the 1980s. According to an International Energy Agency study, if consumers chose those models that would save them the most money over the life of the appliance, they‘d cut global residential power consumption (and their utility bills) by 43 percent. Flexible Payment
Who says you have to pay for all your conservation investments? ―Energy service contractors‖ will pay for retrofitting（翻新改造）in return for a share of the client‘s annual utility-bill savings. In Beijing. Shenwu Thermal Energy Technology Co. specializes in retrofitting China‘s steel furnaces. Shenwu puts up the initial investment to install a heat exchanger that preheats the air going into the furnace, slashing the client‘s fuel costs. Shenwu pockets a cut of those savings, so both Shenwu and the client profit.
If saving energy is so easy and profitable, why isn‘t everyone doing it? It has do with psychology and a lack of information. Most of us tend to look at today‘s price tag more than tomorrow‘s potential saving. That holds double for the landlord or developer, who won‘t actually see a penny of the savings his investment in better insulation or a better heating system might generate. In many people‘s minds, conservation is still associated with self-denial. Many environmentalists still push that view.
Smart governments can help push the market in the right direction. The EU‘s 1994 law on labeling was such a success that it extended the same idea to entire buildings last year. To boost the market value of efficiency, all new buildings are required to have an ―energy pass‖ detailing power and heating consumption. Countries like Japan and Germany have successively tightened building codes, requiring an increase in insulation levels but leaving it up to builders to decide how to meet them.
The most powerful incentives, of course, will come from the market itself. Over the past year, sky-high fuel prices have focused minds on efficiency like never before. Ever-increasing pressure to cut costs has finally forced more companies to do some math on their energy use.
Will it be enough? With global demand and emissions rising so fast, we may not have any choice but to try. Efficient technology is here now, proven and cheap. Compared with all other options, it‘s the biggest, easiest and most profitable bang for the buck.
1. What is said to be best way to conserve energy nowadays?
A) Raising efficiency. B) Cutting unnecessary costs..
C) Finding alternative resources. D) Sacrificing some personal comforts.
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2. What does the European Union plan to do? A) Diversify energy supply. B) Cut energy consumption.
C) Reduce carbon emissions. D) Raise production Raise production efficiency. 3. If you add enough insulation to your house, you may be able to _____________. A) improve your work environment B) cut your utility bills by half C) get rid of air-conditioners D) enjoy much better health 4. How much of the power consumed by incandescent bulbs is converted into light?
A) A small portion. B) Some 40 percent. C) Almost half. D) 75 to 80 percent. 5. Some countries have tried to jump-start the market of heat pumps by __________.
A)upgrading the equipment B)encouraging investments C) implementing high-tech D)providing subsidies
6. German chemicals giant BASF saves ￡200 million a year by ___________.
A) recycling heat and energy B) setting up factories in China
C) using the newest technology D) reducing the CO2 emissions of its plants 7. Global residential power consumption can be cut by 43 percent if ___________. A) we increase the insulation of walls and water pipes B) We choose simpler models of electrical appliances
C) We cut down on the use of refrigerators and other white goods
D) We choose the most efficient models of refrigerators and other white goods 8. Energy service contractors profit by taking a part of clients____________.
9. Many environmentalists maintain the view that conservation has much to do with _____. 10. The strongest incentives for energy conservation will derive from __________. Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes) Section A
Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.
Men, these days, are embracing fatherhood with the round-the-clock involvement their partners have always dreamed of –handling night feedings, packing lunches and bandaging knees. But unlike women, many find they‘re negotiating their new roles with little support or information. ―Men in my generation (aged 25-40) have a fear of becoming dads because we have no role models,‖ says Jon Smith, a writer. They often find themselves excluded from mothers‘ support networks, and are eyed warily (警觉地) on the playground.
The challenge is particularly evident in the work—place. There, men are still expected to be breadwinners climbing the corporate ladder; traditionally-minded bosses are often unsympathetic to family needs. In Denmark most new fathers only take two weeks of paternity leave (父亲的陪产假)—even though they are allowed 34 days. As much as if not more so than women, fathers struggle to be taken seriously when they request flexible arrangements.
Though Wilfried-Fritz Maring, 54, a data-bank and Internet specialist with German firm FIZ Karlsruhe, feels that the time he spends with his daughter outweighs any disadvantages, he admits, ―With my decision to work from home I dismissed any opportunity for promotion.‖
Mind-sets (思维定势) are changing gradually. When Maring had a daughter, the company equipped him with a home office and allowed him to choose a job that could be performed from there. Danish telecom company TDC initiated an internal campaign last year to encourage dads to take paternity leave: 97 percent now do. ―When an employee goes on paternity leave and is with his kids, he gets a new kind of training: in how to keep cool under stress,‖ says spokesperson Christine Elberg Holm. For a new generation of dads, kids may come before the company –but it‘s a shift that benefits both.
47. Unlike women, men often get little support or information from ______________. 48. Besides supporting the family, men were also expected to ________.
49. Like women, men hope that their desire for a flexible schedule will be _____________.
50. When Maring was on paternity leave, he was allowed by his company to work___________.
51. Christine Holm believes paternity leave provides a new kind of training for men in that it can help them cope with _____________. Section B Passage One
Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.
Like most people, I‘ve long understood that I will be judged by my occupation, that my profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am. Recently, however, I was disappointed to see that it also decides how I‘m treated as a person.
Last year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables. As someone paid to serve food to people. I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they‘d never say or do to their most casual acquaintances. One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away, then beckoned (示意) me back with his finger a minute later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where I‘d been.
I had waited tables during summers in college and was treated like a peon(勤杂工) by plenty of people. But at 19 years old. I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults. Besides, people responded to me differently after I told them I was in college. Customers would joke that one day I‘d be sitting at their table,
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waiting to be served. Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper. From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me. I assumed this was the way the professional world worked-cordially.
I soon found out differently, I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name. Our calls would often get mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie. The mistake was immediately evident. Perhaps it was because money was involved, but people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me.
My job title made people treat me with courtesy. So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry. It‘s no secret that there‘s a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the tips. The service industry, by definition, exists to cater to others‘ needs. Still, it seemed that many of my customers didn‘t get the difference between server and servant.
I‘m now applying to graduate school, which means someday I‘ll return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want. I think I‘ll take them to dinner first, and see how they treat someone whose only job is to serve them.
52. The author was disappointed to find that ___________________. A) one‘s position is used as a gauge to measure one‘s intelligence. B) talented people like her should fail to get a respectable job C) one‘s occupation affects the way one is treated as a person D) professionals tend to look down upon manual workers
53. What does the author intend to say by the example in the second paragraph? A) Some customers simply show no respect to those who serve them. B) People absorbed in a phone conversation tend to be absent-minded. C) Waitresses are often treated by customers as casual acquaintances. D) Some customers like to make loud complaints for no reason at all. 54. How did the author feel when waiting tables at the age of 19? A) She felt it unfair to be treated as a mere servant by professionals. B) She felt badly hurt when her customers regarded her as a peon. C) She was embarrassed each time her customers joked with her. D) She found it natural for professionals to treat her as inferior.
55. What does the author imply by saying ―…many of my customers didn‘t get the difference between server and servant‖ (Lines 3-4, Para.7)?
A) Those who cater to others‘ needs are destined to be looked down upon. B) Those working in the service industry shouldn‘t be treated as servants. C) Those serving others have to put up with rough treatment to earn a living. D) The majority of customers tend to look on a servant as a server nowadays. 56. The author says she‘ll one day take her clients to dinner in order to _______.
A) see what kind of person they are B) experience the feeling of being served C）show her generosity towards people inferior to her D）arouse their sympathy for people living a humble life Passage Two
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
What‘s hot for 2007 among the very rich? A S7.3 million diamond ring. A trip to Tanzania to hunt wild animals. Oh. and income inequality.
Sure, some leftish billionaires like George Soros have been railing against income inequality for years. But increasingly, centrist and right-wing billionaires are starting to worry about income inequality and the fate of the middle class.
In December. Mortimer Zuckerman wrote a column in U.S News & World Report, which he owns. ―Our
nation‘s core bargain with the middle class is disintegrating,‖ lamented (哀叹) the 117th-richest man in America. ―Most of our economic gains have gone to people at the very top of the income ladder. Average income for a household of people of working age, by contrast, has fallen five years in a row.‖ He noted that ―Tens of millions of Americans live in fear that a major health problem can reduce them to bankruptcy.‖
Wilbur Ross Jr. has echoed Zuckerman‘s anger over the bitter struggles faced by middle-class
Americans. ―It‘s an outrage that any American‘s life expectancy should be shortened simply because the company they worked for went bankrupt and ended health-care coverage,‖ said the former chairman of the International Steel Group.
What‘s happening? The very rich are just as trendy as you and I, and can be so when it comes to politics and policy. Given the recent change of control in Congress, popularity of measures like increasing the minimum wage, and efforts by California‘ governor to offer universal health care, these guys don‘t need their own personal weathermen to know which way the wind blows.
It‘s possible that plutocrats(有钱有势的人) are expressing solidarity with the struggling middle class as part of an effort to insulate themselves from confiscatory (没收性的) tax policies. But the prospect that income
inequality will lead to higher taxes on the wealthy doesn‘t keep plutocrats up at night. They can live with that. No, what they fear was that the political challenges of sustaining support for global economic integration will be more difficult in the United States because of what has happened to the distribution of income and economic
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insecurity. In other words, if middle-class Americans continue to struggle financially as the ultrawealthy grow ever
wealthier, it will be increasingly difficult to maintain political support for the free flow of goods, services, and capital across borders. And when the United States places obstacles in the way of foreign investors and foreign goods, it‘s likely to encourage reciprocal action abroad. For people who buy and sell companies, or who allocate capital to markets all around the world, that‘s the real nightmare.
57. What is the current topic of common interest among the very rich in America?
A) The fate of the ultrawealthy people. B) The disintegration of the middle class.
C) The inequality in the distribution of wealth. D) The conflict between the left and the right wing. 58. What do we learn from Mortimer Zuckerman‘s lamentation?
A) Many middle-income families have failed to make a bargain for better welfare. B) The American economic system has caused many companies to go bankrupt. C) The American nation is becoming more and more divided despite its wealth. D) The majority of Americans benefit little from the nation‘s growing wealth. 59. From the fifth paragraph we can learn that ____________. A) the very rich are fashion-conscious B) the very rich are politically sensitive
C) universal health care is to be implemented throughout America D) Congress has gained popularity by increasing the minimum wage
60. What is the real reason for plutocrats to express solidarity with the middle class? A) They want to protect themselves from confiscatory taxation. B) They know that the middle class contributes most to society. C) They want to gain support for global economic integration. D) They feel increasingly threatened by economic insecurity.
61. What may happen if the United States places obstacles in the way of foreign investors and foreign goods? A) The prices of imported goods will inevitably soar beyond control. B) The investors will have to make great efforts to re-allocate capital. C) The wealthy will attempt to buy foreign companies across borders. D) Foreign countries will place the same economic barriers in return.
Part V Cloze (15 minutes)
In 1915 Einstein made a trip to Gattingen to give some lectures at the invitation of the mathematical
physicist David Hilbert. He was particularly eager—too eager, it would turn 62 --to explain all the intricacies of relativity to him. The visit was a triumph, and he said to a friend excitedly. ―I was able to 63 Hilbert of the general theory of relativity.‖
64 all of Einstein‘s personal turmoil (焦躁) at the time, a new scientific anxiety was about to 65 . He was struggling to find the right equations that would 66 his new concept of gravity, 67
that would define how objects move 68 space and how space is curved by objects. By the end of the summer, he 69 the mathematical approach he had been 70 for almost three years was flawed. And now there was a 71 pressure. Einstein discovered to his 72 that Hilbert had taken what he had lectures and was racing to come up 73 the correct equations first.
It was an enormously complex task. Although Einstein was the better physicist. Hilbert was the better mathematician. So in October 1915 Einstein 74 himself into a month-long-frantic endeavor in 75 he
returned to an earlier mathematical strategy and wrestled with equations, proofs, corrections and updates that he 76 to give as lectures to Berlin‘s Prussian Academy of Sciences on four 77 Thursdays.
His first lecture was delivered on Nov.4.1915, and it explained his new approach, 78 he admitted he did not yet have the precise mathematical formulation of it. Einstein also took time off from 79 revising his equations to engage in an awkward fandango (方丹戈双人舞) with his competitor Hilbert. Worried 80 being scooped (抢先), he sent Hilbert a copy of his Nov.4 lecture. ―I am 81 to know whether you will take kindly to this new solution,‖ Einstein noted with a touch of defensiveness.
62. A) up B) over C) out D) off
63. A) convince B) counsel C) persuade D) preach 64. A) Above B) Around C) Amid D) Along 65. A) emit B) emerge C) submit D) submerge 66. A) imitate B) ignite C) describe D) ascribe 67. A) ones B) those C) all D) none 68. A) into B) beyond C) among D) through 69. A) resolved B) realized C) accepted D) assured
70. A) pursuing B) protecting C) contesting D) contending 71. A) complex B) compatible C) comparative D) competitive 72. A) humor B) horror C) excitement D) extinction 73. A) to B) for C) with D) against 74. A) threw B) thrust C) huddled D) hopped 75. A) how B) that C) what D) which
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76. A) dashed B) darted C) rushed D) reeled 77. A) successive B) progressive C) extensive D) repetitive 78. A) so B) since C) though D) because 79. A) casually B) coarsely C) violently D) furiously 80. A) after B) about C) on D) in
81. A) curious B) conscious C) ambitious D) ambiguous
Part VI Translation (5 minutes)
82. But for mobile phone, ___________________(我们的通信就不可能如此迅速和方便)。 83. In handling an embarrassing situation, _____________(没有什么比幽默感更有帮助的了).
84. The Foreign Minister said he was resigning , ______________(但他拒绝进一步解释这样做的原因). 85. Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, _________________(而动物的行为主要依靠本能). 86. The witness was told that under no circumstances _____________________(他都不应该对法庭说慌).
2008年6月21日英语六级真题
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning)(15 minutes)
What will the world be like in fifty years?
This week some top scientists, including Nobel Prize winners, gave their vision of how the world will look in 2056,fron gas-powered cars to extraordinary health advances, John Ingham reports on what the world‘s finest minds believe our futures will be.
For those of us lucky enough to live that long,2056 will be a world of almost perpetual youth, where obesity is a remote memory and robots become our companions.
We will be rubbing shoulders with aliens and colonizing outer space. Better still, our descendants might at last live in a world at peace with itself.
The prediction is that we will have found a source of inexbaustible, safe, green energy, and that science will have killed off religion. If they are right we will have removed two of the main causes of war-our dependence on oil and religious prejudice.
Will we really, as today‘s scientists claim, be able to live for ever or at least cheat the ageing process so that the average person lives to 150?
Of course, all these predictions come with a scientific health warning. Harvard professor Steven Pinker says: ―This is an invitation to look foolish, as with the predictions of domed cities and nuclear-powered vacuum cleaners that were made 50 year ago.‖
Living longer
Anthony Atala, director of the Wake Forest Institute in North Carolina, belives failing organs will be repaired by injecting cells into the body. They will naturally to straight to the injury and help heal it. A system of injections without needles could also slow the ageing process by using the same process to ―tune‖ cells. Bruce Lahn, professor of human genetics at the University of Chicago, anticipates the ability to
produce―unlimited supplies‖ of transplantable human organs without the needed a new organ, such as kidney, the surgeon would contact a commercial organ producer, give him the patient‘s immuno-logical profile and would then be sent a kidney with the correct tissue type.
These organs would be entirely composed of human cells, grown by introducing them into animal hosts, and alloweing them to deveoop into and organ in place of the animal‘s own. But Prof. Lahn believes that farmed brains would be ―off limits‖.He says: ―Very few people would want to have their brains replaced by someone else‘s and we probably don‘t want to put a human brain ing an animal body.‖
Richard Miller, a professor at the University of Michigan, thinks scientist could develop―an thentic
anti-ageing drugs‖ by working out how cells in larger animals such as whales and human resist many forms of injuries. He says:―It‘s is now routine, in laboratory mammals, to extend lifespan by about 40%. Turning on the same protective systems in people should, by 2056, create the first class of 100-year-olds who are as vigorous and productive as today‘s people in their 60s‖
Aliens
Conlin Pillinger ,professor of planerary sciences at the Open University,says:‖I fancy that at least we will be able to show that life didi start to evolve on Mars well as Earth.‖Within 50years he hopes scientists will prove that alien life came here in Martian meteorites(陨石).
Chris McKay,a planetary scientist at NASA‘s Ames Research Center.believes that in 50 years we may find evidence of alien life in ancient permanent forst of Mars or on other planers.
He adds:‖There is even a chance we will find alien life forms here on Earth.It mightbe as different as English