(3) As apposed to usages of conventional plot structure, description, and characterization, the action is presented in terms of images and attitudes within the mind of figures, often to get at the psychic nature of the characters at a level distinct from that of their expression of ordered, verbalized thought. (4) Among English writers, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are two major advocates of this technique.
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)
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Thomas Hardy is a great poet as well as a great critical and naturalistic novelist. He is famous for his depictions of the imaginary county \His principal works are the Wessex Novel. Hardy's work reflected historical pessimism and sense of tragedy in human life. ? Major works
Novels of Character & Environment
Far Form the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣 》(1874); The Return of the Native 《还乡》(1878);
The Mayor of Casterbridge 《卡斯特桥市长 》 (1886); Tess of the D'Urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝 》 (1891); Jude the Obscure 《无名的裘德 》 (1895) ? Tess of the D’Urbervilles tells the tragic life story of a beautiful, innocent peasant girl, Tess. It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the
bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the country and destruction of the English peasantry towards the end of the century. The subtitle of the novel is ―A Pure Woman‖. It shows Hardy‘s deep sympathy for Tess. In Tess, man is portrayed as not being able to control his own fate.
Oscar Wilde Wilde (1854 ---1900)
? Oscar Wilde, a dramatist, poet, novelist and essayist, is a spokesman for the ―aesthetic movement‖ who advocated the theory of ―Art for Art‘s Sake‖. ? Major works His only novel
The Picture of Dorian Gray 《道林?格雷的画像 》is a story about a handsome young man and his selfish pursuit of sensual pleasures. Dramas: Wilde made his reputation in theatre world between the years 1892 and 1895 with a series of highly popular plays.
Lady Windermere’s Fan 《温德米尔夫人的扇子》
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A Woman of No Importance 《一个无足轻重的女人 》 An Ideal Husband 《理想的丈夫》 The Importance of Being Earnest 《埃耐斯特的重要性》 Fairy Tales
The Happy Prince and Other Tales 《快乐王子故事集》
George Bernard Shaw: (1856-1950)
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He is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare. Most of his plays can be termed as problem plays. Thematically speaking, he writes about the relations between men and women, husband and wife, and parents and children; the problems of conscience, character and
disposition; the problems of individual and society. ? Major Works
Widowers? House 《鳏夫的房产》
Warren's Profession《华伦夫人的职业 》
Caesar and Cleopatra 《凯撒和克莉奥佩特拉》 Saint Joan《圣女贞德 》
Man and Superman《人与超人 》. Pygmalion 《匹格玛利翁 》 The Apple Cart《苹果车 》
D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930)
? He is one of the greatest English novelists of the 20th century, and , perhaps, the greatest from a working family. ? Major Works
The White Peacock《白孔雀》 (1911)
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Sons and Lovers 《儿子与情人》(1913) The Rainbow 《虹》(1915)
Women in Love 《恋爱中的女人》(1921)
Lady Chatterley’s Lover 《查泰来夫人的情人》(1928) ? The major concerns of his novels consists in the tracing of the psychological development of this characters and in his energetic criticism of the
dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature. He holds that human sexuality is the dominationg ―Life Force‖, and defiantly
and frankly describes scenes of sex, which is the reason why Lawrence had been accused of pornographic writing.
Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)
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She is the most influential and probably the most widely studied woman writer in the twentieth century.
Major Works
Mrs. Dalloway 《达洛维夫人》(1925) is about the life of a woman character‘s mind.
To the Lighthouse 《到灯塔去》(1927) is much concerned with the nature of art and artistic creation. It is considered as her best novel. A Room of One’s Own 《一间自己的房间》(1929)
The Waves 《海浪》(1931) is regarded as her masterpiece. It is her most experimental novel. It traces the lives of a group of friends from childhood to late middle age.
James Joyce (1882-1941)
? He is regarded as the most prominent novelist using the stream of consciousness technique. ? Major Works
Dubliners 《都柏林人》is a collection of 15 short stories, the first important work of Joyce‘s lifelong preoccupation with Dublin life.
A portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 《青年艺术家的肖像》(1916) is Joyce‘s first novel. The novel can be regarded as a naturalistic record of the hero‘s bitter expedriences and his final artistic and spiritual liberation. Ulysses 《尤利西斯》(1922) has become a prime example of modernism in literature. It is such an uncommon novel that there arises th e question whether
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it can be called a ―novel‖ at all; for it seems to lack almost all the essential qualities of the novel in a traditional sense: there is actually no story, no plot, almost no action, and little characterization in the usual sense. Finneganns Wake 《芬尼根守夜》(1939)
Araby 《阿拉伯集市》is the fifteen stories in Dubliners.
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第三份：锦上添花，背完第二份，补充第二份没有的内容
British Literature
The Romantic Period (1798-1832) Age of Revolution. (social and economic revolutions.)
一. Time Span: extends from the late 18th century to the third decade of the 19th century. from the publication of Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》 by Wordsworth and Coleridge,
second edition o by Wordsworth serves as the manifesto of Romanticism, in 1798, to the death Walter Scott in 1832 2,closely linked to the following social and intellectual events or figures:
1. The Industrial Revolution. 2. American Revolution 3. The French Revolution 4. Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》 5. Jean Jacque Rousseau (1712 – 1778). 6. Edmund Burke & Thomas Paine(two great thinkers and writers ) 二,Romanticism and its features
1,Definition: Romanticism 浪漫主义 Romanticism, as a literary movement during most of the 19th century, appeared as a revolt against the bondage of neoclassicism which emphasized reason, order and “elegant wit”, Romanticism put emphasis on passion, emotion, imagination, intuition and natural beauty. and inspired many English writers and the desire for personal freedom and individual rights encouraged a more daring and imaginative approach to both life and literature.
2,characteristics: (1) an emphasis on feeling, imagination, intuition and all in all an subjectivism. (2) a love for nature (3) a belief in individuality and freedom (4) a glorification of the commonplace (5) an interest in the past, the unusual, the unfamiliar, the bizarre or the picturesque (6) a feeling of loneliness 三,Literary development in this period
1,emphasis on feelings, intuition, imagination and individuality brought about the flourish of poetry This is an age of poetry
William Blake, and Robert Burns were the two notable forerunners of romantic poetry.
works of William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats represented the highest achievements in romantic poetry.
gained full momentum with the publication of Lyrical Ballads
2,The period is also a great age of prose. Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt, Thomas De Quincey and Leigh Hunt.
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