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Unit 1 Geology, Surveying and Feasibility Studies
地质、测量及可行性研究
1.1 Mineral Exploration 地质勘探
Mineral exploration is the process undertaken by companies, partnerships. orcorporations in the endeavour of finding ore ( commercially viable concentrations of minerals) to mine. Mineral exploration is a much more intensive, organised and professional form of mineral prospecting and though it frequently uses the services of prospecting, the process of mineral exploration on the whole is much more involved.
Stages of mineral exploration are includes ： 1. Area Selection
Area selection is a crucial step in professional mineral exploration. Selection of the best, most prospective, area in a mineral field, geological region or terrain will assist in making it not only possible to find ore deposits, but to find them easily, cheaply and quickly.
Area selection is based on applying the theories behind ore genesis, the knowledge of known ore occurrences and the method of their formation, to known geological regions via the study of geological maps，to determine potential areas where the particular class of ore deposit being sought may exist. Oftentimes new styles of deposits may be found which reveal opportunities to find lookalike deposit styles in rocks and terranes previously though unprospective，which may result in a process of of leases in similar geological settings based on this new model or methodology.
This process applies the disciplines of basin modeling, structural geology. geochronology, petrology and a host ofgeophysical and geochemical disciplines to make predictions and draw parallels between the known ore deposits and their physical form and the unknown potential of finding a “lookalike” within the area selected.
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prospecting for tungsten mineralisation. 4. Remote Sensing
Aerial photography is an important tool in assessing mineral rxploralion tenements, as it gives the explorer orientation information—location of tracks, roads, fences, habitation, as well as ability to at least qualitatively map outcrops and regolith systematics and vegetation cover across a region.
Satellite based spectroscopes allow the modem mineral explorationist, in regions devoid of cover and vegetation, to map minerals and alteration directly. Improvements in the resolution of modem commercially based satellites have also improved the utility of satellite imagery. For instance, IKONOS satellite images can be generated with a 30cm pixel size.
5. Geochemical Methods
The primary role of geochemistry, here used describe assaying or geological media，in mineral exploration is to find an area anomalous in the ommodity sought，or in elements known to be associated with the type of mineralisation sought.
Regional geochemical exploration has traditionally involved use of stream sediments to target potentially mineralised catchments. Regional surveys may use low sampling densities such as one sample per 100 square kilometres. Follow-up geochemical surveys commonly use soils as the sampling media,possibly via the collection of a grid of samples over the tenement or areas which are amenable to soil geochemistry. Areas which are covered by transported soils, alluvium, colluvium or are disturbed too much by human activity ( roads，rail，farmland)，may need to be drilled to a shallow depth in order to sample undisturbed or unpolluted bedrock.
Once the geochemical analyses are returned，the data is investigated for anomalies (single or multiple elements) that may be related to the presence of mineralisation. The geochemical anomaly is often field checked against the outcropping geology and in modem geochemistry, normalised against the regolith type and landform to reduce the effects of weathering, transported materials and landforms.
Geochemical anomalies may be spurious, or related to low-grade or subgrade mineralisation. In order to determine if this is the case, geochemical anomalies must be drilled in order to test them for the existence of economic concentrations of mineralisation, or even to determine why they exist in the place they exist.
The presence of some chemical elements may indicate the presence of a certain
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mineral Chemical analysis of rocks and plants may indicate the presence of an underground deposit. For instance elements like arsenic and antimony are associated with gold deposits and hence, are example pathfinder elements
sampled for pathfinder elements in order to help locate deposits. 6. Resource Evaluation
Resource evaluation is undertaken to quantify the grade and tonnage of a mineral occurrence. This is achieved primarily by drilling to sample the prospective horizon,
lode or strata where the minerals of interest occur.
The ultimate aim is to generate a density of drilling sufficient to satisfy the economic and statutory .standards of an ore resource. Depending on the financial situation and size of the deposit and the structure of the company，the level of detail required to generate this resource and stage at which extraction can commence varies.
For small partnerships and private non-corporate enterprises a very low level of detail is required whereas for corporations which require debt equity ( loans) to build capital intensive extraction infrastructure, the rigor necessary in resource estimation is far greater. For large cash rich companies working on small ore bodies，they may work only to a level necessary to satisfy their internal risk assessments before extraction commences.
Resource estimation may require pattern drilling on a set grid, and in the case of sulfide minerals，will usually require some form of geophysics such as down-hole probing of drillholes, to geophysicallyi delineate ore body continuity within the ground.
The aim of resource evaluation is to expand the known size of the deposit and mineralisation. A scoping study is often carried out on the ore deposit during this stage to determine if there may be enough ore at a sufficient grade to warrant extraction; if there is not further resource evaluation drilling may be necessary. In other cases,
severalsmaller individually uneconomic deposits may be socialised into a “miningcamp” and extracted in tandem. Further exploration and testing of anomalies may be
required to find or define these other satellite deposits. 7. Reserve Definition
Reserve definition is undertaken to convert a mineral resource into an ore reserve,which is an economic asset.The process is similar to resource evaluation,except more intensive and technical,aimed at statistically quantifying the grade continuity and mass.
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Reserve definition also takes into account the milling and characteristics the ore，and generates bulk samples for metallurgicaltestwork, involving crushability,floatability and other ore recovery parameters.
Reserve definition includes geotechnical assessment and engineering studies of the rocks within and surrounding the deposit to determine the potential instabilities of proposed open pit or underground mining methods. This process may involve drilling diamond core samples to derive structural information on weaknesses within the rock mass such as faults, foliations, joints and shearing.
At the end of this process, a feasibility study is published, and the ore deposit may be either deemed uneconomic or economic.
Vocabulary prospecting n. 探矿 terrain n. 地形，地面，地域，地带 target generation 靶区圈定 structural geology 构造地质学 geochronology n. 地球年代学 petrology n. 岩石学 geophysical adj. 地球物理学的 geochemical adj. 地球化学的 mapping n. 素描 alluvium n. 冲积层，淤积层 gravity n. 万有引力；地心引力；重力 magnetism n. 磁性，磁学 electromagnetism n ?电磁，电磁学 airborne magnetometer 机载磁强计 magnetite n. 磁铁矿 pyrrhotite n. 磁黄铁矿 ilmenite n. 钛铁矿 geophysical prospecting 地球物理探测法 ultraviolet adj. (光）紫外的 remote sensing 遥感，遥测 regolith n. 风化层，土被 apectroscope n. 分光镜
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pixel n. 像素 sediment n. 沉淀物 colluvium n. 崩积层 bedrock n. 基岩 landform n. 地形 low-grade 低品位 arsenic n. 砷 antimony n. 锑 strata n. 地层 warrantvt. 使有必要；使恰当；保证；担保 fault n. 断层 foliation n. 页理，生叶 joint n. 节理 shearing n. 剪切，切割 1.2 Mine Valuation Studies 矿床资源评佔 As noted in the introduction to this section, the term mine valuation implies the assigning of a dollar or other currency value to the worth of a mine or mining project and provides a measure of the desirability of ownership of that property. As such, several types of value may be encountered in performing a mine valuation study. These are ：
(1 ) Market value. (2) Full cash value. (3 ) Salvage value.
(6) Replacement value. (5 ) Capitalized value. (1) Book value. { 7 ) Assessed value. (8 ) Insured value.
Each of these has a specific meaning that can he applied to determine a monetary amount in a specific situation.
Of interest in this paper is the broader question of “what is the value of the
mine?\“What is the mine worth?” in this context the value of interest is the market