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Topsoil thicknesses are usually determined by auger drilling, and the regulations dictate that a minimum of 150 mm of material be removed. In cases where multiple soil horizons (i. e. A，B, and C) exist, these layers must be removed separately and stockpiled and redistributed to maintain the integrity of each horizon. Topsoil storage, if longer term, must be revegetated to prevent water and wind erosion.
(11) Mine drainage and erosion and sediment control. For many years，it has been good operating practice to divert surface water from active pit areas to eliminate in-pit water problems. Diversion ditch systems were utilized to deflect the water and direct it into natural drainages.
①Under current regulations, this practice has been expanded to include the following：
(4) Surface drainage from disturbed areas must pass through a sediment pond. 3 Effluent from the ponds must meet limitations of pH, iron, manganese, total suspended solids, etc.
4 Sedimentation ponds must be constructed to standards on capacity, detention- time ,dewatering, location, slopes, etc. ； these standards, particularly the capacity standards, have been contested by industry.
(5)Discharge compliance must meet 10-year, 24-hour precipitation events. 6 Treatment is required, if necessary to meet effluent standards.
General design measures taken to meet these standards economically include minimizing the disturbed area, stabilizing backfill,diverting overland flow around or through disturbed areas to reduce pond size, revegetating immediately to reduce sediment load, and separating pit water from other water to minimize treatment. (12) Regrading,Regrading or striking-off the spoil is usually accomplished with large-horsepower dozers，and final grading is done with large graders. Regulations provide a number of general guidelines including：
①Restoration to approximate original contour,2 Elimination of high walls. (5) Restoration of natural drainages to the extent possible. ④Constmction of final slopes not exceeding original slopes. (13) Productivity equal or greater than premining productivity. In addition, the regrading must be done within 180 days or with regrading kept within four spoil ridges of the active pit.
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(5 ) Topsoil replacement or redistribution. As previously discussed, scrapers, dozers，or loader/trucks are utilized in this operation with topsoil replaced continuously or from stockpile. Some preparation of the graded spoil, plowing, etc. is usually done to stabilize the topsoil bed. Traffic patterns are designed to prevent over-compaction of the bed.
(6) Revegetation. Planting is accomplished either by hydroseeding or with conventional farm equipment and must be done as soon as practical with seed selection based on postmining land use. Success is usually judged by comparison with a reference area，with production rated as some percentage of that area. Erosion must be controlled so that gullies or rills more than 276 mm in depth do not develop.
vocabulary
overburden n. 浮盖层；覆盖层；表土
compatible adj. 可以并存的，相容的，协调的 grub vi. 挖土，掘土 Shrub n. 灌木
Stump n. 树桩，树墩 Homogeneous adj同性质的，同类的
topsoil n. 表土(层）;耕作（层) stockpile n. 贮存，堆放，储备 scraper n. 平土机，铲土机 ditch n. 沟，渠
drainage n. 排水，放水 sediment n. 沉淀（物），沉积 precipitation n. 沉淀，析出
regrade v. 重整坡度，重新分类 hydroseeding n. 水力播种 gully n. 溪谷
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value of the property. Market value is the value (price) established in a public market by exchange between a willing buyer and a willing seller when neither is under duress to complete the transaction. Thus the term market suggests the idea of barter.
The term market value is often used synonymously with the term fair market value. The courts have come to accept the legal definition of fair market value as the amount in cash, or in terms reasonably equivalent to cash, for which in all probability the property would be sold by a knowledgeable owner willing but not obligated to sell to a knowledgeable purchaser who desired but is not obligated to buy. Therefore, the determination of market value of a specific mining properly can only be made by the market through an actual sales transaction. in accordance with the foregoing caveatspertaining to the absence of duress on the part of either the seller or the buyer.
Typically, mineral economists, appraisers, and government tax officials, among others, are concerned with the estimation of market value for mineral properties. This estimated market value must be based on the time arid conditions existing as of a specified date. Consequently, market value is a dynamic property that constantly changes as market conditions and expectations change. Following is a discussion of the approaches most often utilized to estimate the market value of mining properties.
There are many reasons for conducting studies on estimating the value of a mining property. Regardless of the specific purpose for estimating the value of a mining properly, the ultimate objective of the study is to arrive at a monetary value or worth for the property in question. A specific value, or range in values, for a specific properly is often required for one or more of the following purposes.
1、 Acquisition
The acquisition of mineral properties may transpire at any point in time between a raw prospect and an actual operating mine. Obviously, the actual amount of data available on a properly will depend upon where it lies within this spectrum. Depending upon the state of development of the property, the purchaser is acquiring assets with varying levels of risk. As such, the estimated value of the property must reflect not only the potential of the mineral deposit but also the relative risks associated with these assets. Certainly the distribution of value estimates for an existing operating mine would be expected to have a rather low variance as contrasted to that for a raw prospect.
2、Taxation
Mineral properties must also be valued for taxation purposes. Perhaps the classic
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technical, economic. political, and financial variables affecting the project.
(5) Present all information in a manner intelligible to the owner and suitable for presentation to prospective partners or to sources of finance. The document musl be “bankable.”
Vocabulary
Preliminaryadj.初步的，預备的，开端的 processingn. 选矿
topography n. 地形，地貌，地势 concessionary adj. 特许的，让步的
pertinent adj. 有关的，中肯的，恰当的.相宜的 regime n.政治制度.组织方法，管理体制 1.4 Mine Surveying 矿山测量
Mine surveying prarlit.es at underground and surface mines are based on plane surveying methods dating back to the time of the ancient Egyptians. These practices were refined and improved as new equipment was developed and the demand for
Of major importance in the field of mine surveying is the introduction and use of computer and laser technology for common surveying practices. Theodolites and electric distance measuring (EDM) instruments are rapidly replacing the transit and tape measures. Computers with plotters and CAD capabilities are replacing the old manual methods of planimetries and contouring. These advancements have not fully displaced all older methods, but their use is becoming more commonplace as the technology becomes more cost competitive. better accuracy is demanded, and more personnel are trained to use such technology.
1.Uniqueness of Mine Surveying
The functions of the mine surveyor are to ①provide a network of points of accurately known position. covering the entire mine property; 2、obtain the required data for the preparation of useful maps and sections ；③provide position and directional control for the guidance of the operations；④measure the progress of* the work; (5)measure the movement of rock masses and ⑥make miscellaneous surveys as
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that are too small, irregular, and/or deeply buried to be* extracted economically by surface mining methods. Furthermore，even where mineralization extends to a greater
depth in open pit mines, the rapidly increasing amount of overburden to be handled imposes economic limits beyond which mining must either be abandoned or converted from surface to underground operations. The conclusions, although valid，are sometimes outweighed by a new set of factors that arise from differences in the physical character of mineral deposits available for future exploitation and from changes in technology, markets, and public policy.
Open pit design is conducted in several stages. They consist, technically, of devising a scheme or set of alternative schemes, followed by an evaluation and selection of the optimum scheme. The most economic final pit design often depends on factors that are largely outside the mining engineer's control, such as the geometric outline of the ore body, the distribution of ore within the ore body topography., maximum allowable slope angles, etc. The economics of the mining program, however,
depends upon the choice of mining ratio, production rates, and equipment9all of which are
determined by the mining engineer.
2、Open Pit Terminology
Persons closely associated with open pit mines have coined terras or phrases for certain operations or for defining commonly occurring geometric parameters in open pit mining.The following are terms that commonly occur in open pit mine planning.
A bench may be defined as a ledge that forms a single level of operation above which mineral or waste materials are mined back to a bench face. The mineral or waste is removed in successive layers, each of which is a bench. Several benches may be in operation simultaneouslyin different parts of, and at different elevations in the open pit mine. The bench height is the vertical distance between the highest point of the bench, or the bench crest, and the toe of the bench.
The bench height is normally governed by the specifications of operating machines, such as drills and shovels, and by government mining regulations.
The bench slope is the angle, measured in degrees，between the horizontal and an imaginary line joining the bench toe and crest .
Pit limits are the vertical and lateral extent to which the open pit milling may be
economically conducted. The cost of removing overburden or waste material vs. the mineable value of the ore is usually the prime factor controlling the limits of the pit.
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