?
Each verse unit is a complete statement.
1.4 Thought rhythm 1.5 Composed like mosaics 马赛克 Language
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3.
Slang words, foreign words, technical words, sexual words, and learned words Coined new words, and gave old words new meanings Rough and uncivilized
few metaphors or other kinds of symbolic language parallelism: a technique of the Biblical poetry The parallel lines say the same thing but use different words. Whitman’s desire to express spiritual truth based on his mystical experience
. Rhetorical devices
Poetic style: religious 教材作品：《自己之歌》：”Song of Myself”
《我坐在这儿眺望着》：”I Sit and Look Out”
《敲呀！敲呀！鼓啊！》：”Drum-Taps Beat! Beat! Drums”
二、Emily Dickinson爱米丽?狄金森1830-1886 1.
她的诗歌古怪、简洁，她对做任何大众或流行诗人的概念保持惊人冷漠，她往往是通过一件具体的家庭小事，和一种闲适的生活来阐明事理，并把这些描写成为令人痴迷的诗歌she wrote her whimsical, darting verse with sublime indifference to any notion of being a democratic or popular poet. Her work illustrated the fact that one could take a single household and an inactive life, and make enchanting poetry out of it.
Features of Dickinson’s Poetry Original Style:
? ? ? ? ? ? Themes:
? ? ? ?
Love Nature
Death and immortality
Unity of goodness, truth and beauty No titles
Extensive use of Dashes Unconventional Capitalization
Idiosyncratic (有个人特点的)Vocabulary and Imagery Unconventional metaphors Hymn Meter
Other subjects
2. 教材作品：《我品味未经酿造的饮料》：”I taste a liquor never brewed” 《我意识到一场葬礼》：”I Felt a Funeral, in My Brain” 《鸟儿沿着小径过来》：”A Bird came Down the Walk-“ 《我为美而死》：”I Died for Beauty-but Was Scarce”
《听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声-我死时》：”I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I died-“ 《我不能等候死神》：”Because I Could not Stop for Death-“
三、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽雅特?比彻?斯托1811-1896*
1. 这部小说被翻译成40多种文字，被全球数百万计的人们广泛阅读，这部小说的成功源于该作品倾注了作者自己对两主人公所受痛
苦和压迫的深刻感受，再就是人们为作者要解放这些奴隶的决心所感动Since then has been published in some forty languages and has been read by millions of people around the world. The power of the novel unquestionably comes from the investment of the author’s sense of her own suffering and oppression (as well as her determination to be free) in the characters of Tom and his fellow slave Eliza,, the protagonists of the book’s two main plots.
5. 教材作品：《汤姆叔叔的小屋》：“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
四、Mark Twain 马克?吐温1835-1910 1.
原名Samuel Langhorne Clemens 塞缪尔?朗赫恩?克莱门斯。Humorist writer Writing style
In his earlier works, humor bounds everywhere. As a local colorist, he made use of an extensive combination of American folk humor and light satire to criticize the American society. His humor is remarkable because there are many practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks and so on. Some of them are tall tales and most of his humor is characterized by puns, exaggeration, and anti-climax. But in his later works, humor gives way to agreat deal of bitter satire.挖苦讽刺
Twain's short stories are also very unique. Twain often captured the real way common folk spoke, in dialect. Twain's short stories often seem as though they are folk tales. His narrators seem to be speaking directly to someone, or to the general public as one. They capture the oral tradition of America 2. feet. 3.
1865年，他第一本书《跳蛙》出版”Jumping Frog”; 1869年，《傻子国外旅行记》“Innocents Abroad”; 1872年，《艰苦岁月》“Roughing It”; 1873年，《镀金时代》“The Gilded Age”
1876年，《汤姆?索亚历险记》“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”; 1883年，《密西西比河上的生活》“Life on the Mississippi”;
1884年，《哈克贝里?费恩历险记》”Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”; 1894年，《傻瓜威尔逊》“Pudd’nhead Wilson”;
1900年，《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》“The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg”; 1906年，《什么是人？》“What is Man”; 1916年，《神秘来客》“The Mysterious Stranger” 5.
五、O. Henry 欧?亨利 1862-1910
“The father of American modern short stories”
原名威廉?悉尼?波特（笔名欧?亨利）William Sidney Porter. Writing style：
His writing is crisp and lively, usually in a chatty way. He often uses slang, puns, and malapropisms and big words for humor’s sake. Asides are dealt in a familiar and chatty way to readers. His short story formulas are scarcely changeable yet he cleverly makes variations on them by means of irony, parodies extra to make them comic. Most of his works belong to black humor, humorous yet bitter and hopeless.
Vivid and detailed description: O. Henry often observes and mixes with people around. His sharp observation grants his works vividness and liveliness.
O. Henry ending or (twist ending) is one of the most extinct characteristics of his works. It means that the characters’ fates or thoughts suddenly change unexpectedly from the previous situation but the change can also find ground somewhere in the work. Such a change makes a work surprising and attractive. Both The Gift of Magi and The Cop and the Anthem end surprisingly. 2.
欧?亨利写的故事大部分讲的是纽约穷苦人的生活，也写过其他地方类似人的辛酸生活，他讲述的故事一般很短，情节安排巧妙又引人入胜，故事幽默，有趣，结果往往又出人意料，他的故事中有许多俚语和地方性语言表达，美国以外读者理解这些内容有些困
教材作品：《汤姆?索亚历险记》“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”
在弗吉尼亚《企业》杂志任职期间，他开始使用笔名“马克?吐温”，意为口寻，也就是十二尺深while working for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, he adopted the pseudonym “Mark Twain”, the way of a boatman taking soundings, and meaning two fathoms, i.e. twelve
难，这些表达方式，在作者看来是一种本地特色，并且能够很好地同故事中的人物和场景结合起来Many of his stories tell about the lives of poor people in New York, as well as in other places, his works abound in good-natured humor. His stories are usually short, the plots are exceedingly clever and interesting; humor abounds, and the end is always surprising. Many of his stories contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions that make them hard to be understood by people outside of America. Such forms of speech are used to give what is called local, to make the stories fit in with the characters and scenes described. 4.
最好小说集《四百万》his best volume” The Four Million”; 最好单部小说：《旧知》、《麦琪的礼物》、《市政报告》、《没讲完的故事》、《月亮女神》、《吝啬爱人》、《装饰过的房间》，his best individual stories “Retrieved Reformation”, “The Gift of the Magi”, “A Municipal Report”, “An Unfinished Story”, “Phoebe”, “A Lickpenny Lover”, “The Furnished Room”. 5.
六、Theodore Dreiser西奥多?德莱塞1871-1945
全名西奥多?赫尔曼?阿尔伯特?德莱塞Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser
1. 德莱塞年幼时生活非常不幸，贫穷，生活不稳定，家庭不和，年轻时，德莱塞不爱动，稀里糊涂，还有点害羞，同他小说中男女主人公一样，充满了各种稀奇古怪的幻相，实际上他的教育大部分来自自己生活的经历，来自独立的阅读和独立的思考Dreiser’s childhood was decidedly unhappy. The large family moved from house to house in Indiana dogged by poverty, insecurity, and internal division. Dreiser as a youth was as ungainly, confused, shy, and full of vague yearnings as most of his fictional protagonists, male and female, his education was to come from experience and from independent reading and thinking. 3.
1900年他的第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》，小说讲述了嘉莉?米贝的发迹和G?W?赫兹伍德的悲剧性陨落，该书通过人物描写，描绘了当时转型的社会，剧中人物既没有悔过之心，还逃脱了惩罚，用语较为激烈 ”Sister Carrie”, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G?W?Hurstwood. It depicted social transgressions by characters who felt no remorse and largely escaped punishment, and it used “strong” language and used names of living persons. 6.
1925年出版的最为恢宏，最为成功的小说《美国悲剧》表达了金钱万能的同样主题，作者通过自传性的生活环境，社会现实及工业化细节等交织成一幅气势恢宏的场面，描写了书中年轻的主人公的行为方式，他获得满足的唯一方式好像就是不断地获取财富，如果必要还可以借助于婚姻the identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel, “An American Tragedy”. The Center of this immense novel’s thick texture of biographical circumstance, social fact, and industrial detail is a young man who acts as if the only way he can be truly fulfilled is by acquiring wealth-through marriage if necessary. 7.
七、Henry James亨利?詹姆斯1843-1916* 7.
八、Jack London杰克?伦敦1876-1916* 1.
他在极端贫困中长大，很小的时候，就开始从事低贱和危险的工作，为了生存，他尝尽了生活的艰辛，之后下定决心通过自学来提高自己的生活状况及其他方面he grew up in extreme poverty: from earliest youth he supported himself with menial and dangerous jobs, experiencing profoundly the struggle for survival. 2.
1900年第一本故事集《狼子》：”The Son of the Wolf”; 1903年《荒野的呼唤》：”The Call of the Wild”; 自然主义代表作 1903年《深渊中的人们》”The People of the Abyss”; 1904年《海狼》”The Sea Wolf”
1905年《附级的斗争》“The War of the Classes”; 1906年《白牙》”White Fang” 1908年《铁蹄》”The Iron Heel”
1909年纯自传小说《马丁?伊登》这部作品也是研究杰克?伦敦的核心学术文献 “Martin Eden” a central document for London scholars. 1910年《革命》“Revolution”
其他作品《生活的法则》”The Law of Life”. 3.
他的小说中最受人们所接受，经得住时间考验的是关于强者与弱者之间原始又动人心魄的较量描写，这类作品一直经久不衰，他教材作品：《一个贵妇人的画像》：”The Portrait of A Lady” 教材作品：《嘉莉妹妹》：”Sister Carrie” 自然主义代表作 教材作品：《警察与赞美诗》：”The Cop and the Anthem”
总是习惯把这些场景放在一些不可抗力，如骇人的大海及北极的荒野等大背景下来描写the most enduringly popular of his stories involved the primitive (and melodramatic) struggle of strong and weak individuals in the context of irresistible natural forces such as the wild sea or the arctic wastes. 4.
伦敦创作的在大自然中生存与抗争的有关人类的小说继续在全球受到欢迎。在这些作品中，伦敦往往把一切表面现象予以剥离，直到剩下赤裸裸的梦，直到最后最原始的质朴，这种质朴具有古代神话中怪异与震憾的力量London’s stories of man in and against nature continue to be popular all over the world. In them, London strips everything down to the symbolic starkness of dream, to a primordial simplicity that has the strange and compelling power of ancient myth. 5.
PartⅤTwentieth-Century Literature二十世纪文学(一战后-the lost generation)
Imagism: A literary movement launched by British and American poets early in the 20th century in reaction against Victorian sentimentalism that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images.代表人物： Ezra Pound, Hilda Doolittle:H.D. William Carlos Williams: The Red Wheelbarrow 分段：一站-二战前（Great Depression）: Thomas Stearns Eliot: The Waste Land: the most significant American poem of the twentieth century二十世纪美国诗歌重要发起人；helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive暗指的 thought.
Lost generation:(Gertrude Stein命名): is a term used to characterize a general feeling of disillusionment of American literary notables, after the first world war. They felt disappointed, confused and hesitate to accept the society and life. The phrase is attributed to Gertrude Stein, then popularized by Ernest Hemingway in his novel The Sun Also Rises and his memoir A Moveable Feast.代表人物：Ernest Hemingway; F.Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby; Ezra Pound: poet. 二战后-Beat generation:
Beat Generation：(the 1950s, or Post WWII) A Bohemian 波西米亚的rebellion against established society which came to prominence about 1956 and had its centers in San Francisco and New York City. The Beat Generation was a group of American post-World War II writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they both documented and inspired. Central elements of \included rejection of received standards公认的标准, innovations in style, experimentation with drugs, alternative sexualities, an interest in religion, a rejection of materialism唯物主义, and explicit 明确的，直率的portrayals of the human condition. 代表：1. Allen Ginsberg：Howl 2. Jack Kerouac：On the Road. 3. William Burroughs:Junkie, The Naked Lunch. 4. Laurence Ferlinghetti 5. Norman Mailer: The Naked and the Dead
Jazz Age: Society in the 1920s. The decade between WWI and the Great Depression. An age where the traditional Puritanism collapsed and people indulged in hedonism. A time of rapid social change in which many people particularly women adopted new lifestyle and attitudes. 1920: first time in American history that there were more people living in cities than on farms. The formation of modern American mass culture The consumer economy and mass entertainment. Popularity of Jazz music. Masculine women and feminine men.代表：F.Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby
一、Ezra Pound埃兹拉?庞德1885-1972 1. 2.
埃兹拉?卢米斯?庞德Ezra Loomis Pound。他是一位非常具有个性的诗人，他能把传统与令人深刻和大胆的创新很熟练地结合起来教材作品：《一台古钢琴》：”A Virginal”
he had a distinct poetic personality, he combined a command of the older tradition with impressive and often daring originality. 《再次致意》：”Salutation the Second” 《合同》：”A Pact”
《地铁站台》”In a Station of the Metro”
《长干行》”The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter”
二、Edwin Arlington Robison埃德温?阿林顿?罗宾逊1869-1935* 1. 2.
他是二十世纪最多产的美国新一代诗人之一。罗宾逊以律诗的形式，以这个小镇为背景创作了一部名叫《蒂尔伯里小镇》的诗集， 1922, 1925, 1928年连续三次获得普利策文学奖he was honored with the Pulitzer Prize in ?.. 教材作品：《海狼》”The Sea Wolf”
《马丁?伊登》”Martin Eden”自然主义代表作
《理查?珂利》、《米尼弗?契维》是他现实主义创作取向的较好范例“Richard Cory” and “Miniver Cheevy” are good example of his realistic attitudes. 3.
教材作品：《山上的古屋》：”The House on the Hill” 《理查?珂利》：”Richard Cory” 《米尼弗?契维》：”Miniver Cheevy”
三、Robert Frost罗伯特?弗洛斯特1874-1963 1.
在去世时弗洛斯特已成为了美国民族诗人的翘首，曾四次获得普利策奖.
Most of his poems took New England as setting, and the subjects were chosen from daily life of ordinary people, such as “mending wall”, “picking apples”.
He writes most often about landscape and people – the loneliness and poverty of isolated farmers, beauty, terror and tragedy in nature. He also describes some abnormal people, e.g. “deceptively simple”, “philosophical poet”.
Although he was popular during 1920s, he didn’t experiment like other modern poets. He used conventional forms, plain language, traditional metre, and wrote in a pastured tradition. 2.
弗洛斯特反对当时的许多诗歌改革原则，相反奉行“旧瓶装新酒”的原则，采用旧形式来表达新内容，他采用新英格兰乡村的朴实用语，特别偏好传统的抒情类和叙事类，短小精悍的格式，作为一个自然主义诗人，很明显，他的作品中体现了浪漫主义作家的一些风格，在他看来，大自然是比喻和象征的无穷宝藏，作品中没有宗都的说教和冥想的玄思，他的诗歌都浅显明了，经常探讨黑暗中的神秘，宇宙万物中的各种不同的荒凉和嘈杂的风景，其实这就是人类自身居住的世界的另外一种表现，这个世界复杂、无助、孤寂Frost had rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporanes, choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new”. He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative, As a poet of nature he had obvious affinities with romantic writers. He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol, but he had little faith in religious dogma or speculative thought. His poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed. 3.
教材作品：《摘罢苹果》：”After Apple-Picking” 《没有走的路》：”The Road Not Taken”
《雪夜林边小立》：”Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” 《部分》：”Departmental” 《设计》：”Design” 《大多数》：”The Most of It”
四、Carl Sandburg卡尔?桑德堡1878-1967* 1.
在世时就获得了极高的评价，成为了美国电视观众所熟悉的诗人，美国人听他读他的诗作，吟唱他的民间故事，听他讲述关于林肯的各种奇闻轶事he lived to enjoy enormous popular acclaim, by the end of his life he had become a familiar figure to national television audiences who listened to him read his poems, sing folk ballads and relate anecdotes about Lincoln. 2.
同前辈惠特曼一样，桑德保的诗作描绘了美国人民生活的方方面面，描写了大草原及西部和东部的风光，他把现代城市作为花边勾画出了一幅优美的图景，从民粹主义者激进观点出发，桑德堡歌颂那些被社会遗弃的人，歌颂那些曾为城市文明作出贡献的移民和普通老百姓，歌颂那些在工业文明化的过程中已逝的和存活下来的人们 with the precedent of Whitman behind them, they present a sweeping panorama of American life, encompassing priairie, eastern,, and western landscapes as well as vignettes of the modern city. They celebrate, from the standpoint of a Populist radical, the lives of outcasts, the contributions of immigrants and common people to urban culture, and the occupations of those who have survived or been sacrificed in the rise of industrial civilization. 3.
1929《摄影家斯泰肯》、1932年《玛丽?林肯》是他的二部传记性质的作品his biographies “Steichen the Photographer” and “Mary Lincoln” 他的散文代表作是《亚拍拉罕?林肯》，是一部纪念性的颂扬类传记His major work in prose was monumental and celebratory biography of Abraham Lincoln. 4.
教材作品：《芝加哥》：”Chicago” 《港湾》：”The Harbor”
Writing Features