22 油品及油质系统的处理
23 Recommendations for buying oil 23 关于购买油品的建议
Introduction 介绍
Maintenance is the largest single controllable expense in a manufacturing plant.
对一个从事制造生产的工厂或企业来说，设备维护的开销是最大的一笔独立支出并可控制的费用。
With as many as 80% of all machine failures related to contamination in the oil, pro-active methods are saving industries considerable costs every year. 80%的机械故障是由油品的污染所引起的，提前做好预防措施就可以节省这笔可观的开支。
This booklet offers an introduction to the problems with insufficient oil cleanliness, the causes and the remedy of the problems.
这本小册子介绍了由于油品清洁度问题引起的故障，以及故障的原因和补救的方法。
All the information presented is generally known and accepted. 这里所有提到的信息都广为人知并被认同。
It was compiled and published by people within the company C.C. Jensen A/S. 本指南是由西西延森公司的人员编辑及出版的。
We invite you to take advantage of the experience we have gathered over the past 50 years with oil maintenance within various types of industrial and marine applications.
我们真诚地邀请您参考和利用我们这50年来在船舶业以及其他各行业中积累的油品保养应用的经验。
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The perfect oil cleaning system will control the level of all types of contamination.
这个完美的油品清洁系统将能够控制各种类型污染的等级。
For further information, we recommend that you visit www.cjc.dk or
www.ccjensen.com, where you can also order a CJC Oil Sampling Kit including materials and instructions for sampling your oil.
如需要更详尽的内容及信息，请访问我们的网站www.cjc.dk 或 www.ccjensen.cn，您同时也可以在线订购CJC油样提取工具包，其中包含如何进行油样提取的说明。
Wear and tear in oil systems 油系统中的磨损
Any machine using oil for power transmission or lubrication will be affected by the condition of the oil.
任何使用油进行动力传输或润滑的机器都会受到油品状况的影响。
The oil comes into contact with all the other components in the system and should be considered the most important.
油会与系统中的其它所有部件接触，因此油品应该受到最大的重视。
Contamination in the oil is anything that should not be there, like solids and chemicals.
任何污染物，包括固体或化学产物，都不应该出现在油品里。
Mechanical Wear 机械磨损
Solid particles typically cause 50% of all failures and multiply by destroying the surface of even very hard metal.
设备的各种失效故障中有50%是由于固体颗粒引起的，这种磨损还会因为设备元件表面被破坏而加剧，哪怕是材质非常坚硬的金属。
The most harmful particles are the ones trapped in the dynamic tolerance like in bearings (figure 1).
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最有害的颗粒是那些在集中在动态配合的位置上（例如轴承处）的颗粒。（图1）
Fig. 1图1
Roller滚子
Oilgroove 油沟 ? 1μm：? 1微米 ? 5μm： ? 5微米 Force压力
Source: 来源：
V?steras PetroleumKemi AB
Chemical Wear化学磨损
Chemical contamination includes w，ater and oxidation products and certain metals (e.g. copper).
化学污染物包括水份、氧化物和某些金属（例如铜）。
Water typically accounts for 20% of mechanical failures. 水是最典型的化学污染物,20%的机械故障是由水所引起.
It reduces the lubricity of the oil and results in corrosion and erosion leading to spalding (figure 2).
水份降低了油的润滑性能，导致了部件的腐蚀和局部的碎裂。（图2）
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Fig. 2 图2
Furthermore, it acts as a catalyst in the oxidation of the oil, just as copper does.
此外，某些化学污染物在油品的氧化过程中，还充当了催化剂的角色，例如铜。 Oxidation products form a sticky layer on
metal surfaces and is often referred to as varnish. 氧化产物形成的粘性膜覆盖在金属的表面，常被认为是涂层。
Hard particles of all sizes get caught in the sticky layer, creating a sandpaper like, grinding surface.
各种尺寸的硬质颗粒集中在这种粘性膜上，会象砂纸一样磨损着金属的表面。
Oil sampling 油品取样
The purpose of oil sampling is to achieve the highest level of machine performance and reliability at the lowest possible cost.
为了在尽可能少花费的同时，使机械的性能表现和可靠性达到最高水平，我们需要先对油品取样。
The initial samples serve to establish benchmarks and to identify the machines with critical levels.
最初的油样用于建立基准和认定评估的等级。
The routine sampling is done to document that goals are met and can also provide indication of abnormal wear that needs to be addressed.
常规取样是用于证明（过滤的）目标已达到，同时也能在出现需要引起注意的非常规磨损时，提供警示。
The quality of analysis results depends first on correct sampling and
handling of the sample, secondly on the quality of the laboratory performing the analysis.
分析结论的质量首先取决于正确的取样和样本的处理，其次是实验室的分析的能力。 The importance of the knowledge about where and how to take a sample is paramount and requires special attention. 何处取样和如何取样至关重要，请特别注意。 Where to take an oil sample 何处取油品样本
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Referring to figure 3 derive the oil from a preferably upwards pointing pipe with continuous and ample flow to produce a representative sample.
参见图3，在油管的上部某点取样，这里油的流动持续且充分，可以取得具有代表性的样品。
Sampling points fitted on the lower perimeter of a pipe tend to allow depositing of particles in the sampling valve. 如果在油管的低处取样，会使颗粒的沉淀物进入取样阀。
Fig. 3: 图3：
Pipe cross section with sampling valves 取样阀位置示意图（油管的横截面方向） Source: 来源： V?steras PetroleumKemi AB Correct 正确 Wrong 错误
The best sampling point is between the pump and the filter housing of an off-line filter, which is normally the worst contaminated part of the oil system. 最佳的取样点在泵和离线过滤器的过滤室之间，这里通常是整个油质系统中污染最严重的地方。
A satisfying result from such a sample is the best guarantee.
如果来自污染最严重处的油样都有令人满意的测试结果，那么这将是对油系统清洁度最好的保证。
If no off-line filter system is installed a vacuum type sampling pump is a valid option.
如果没有安装离线过滤系统，那么也可以使用真空取样泵。
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